海啸早期预警系统的一种本体式表达

无线传感器通常用于环境监测,如气候变化、水质和监控灾害管理等。目前,灾害管理是一项十分关键和紧迫的工作,在海啸预警和预测系统方面尤为突出。本文在研制区域水文态势地理信息服务系统(RHSGISS)的基础上,为减缓灾害,研究出了海啸早期预警系统的一种本体式表达。该系统由地震监测台站、海底压力记录仪(BPR)和验潮仪等组成,其主要功用是解释复杂的多维数据。该数据由各种传感器、系统间的互操作性以及处理异构数据等生成。目前的核心问题在于将获取自海啸早期预警系统多个组件的异构数据进行融合以及提供基于Web网络的数据服务。面向特定陆表监测与应急响应任务,本文通过使用开放地理空间联盟(OGC)确定的传感器网络赋能实现(SWE)框架,构建了基于"北斗"卫星导航系统的GPNT服务体系,能为所有接入空天地一体化对地感测网环境下的用户共享互操作性和可伸缩性提供便利。本体因其功能上可以提供明确含义的信息,而成为了解决信息异质性问题的手段。本文在传感器网络数据与数据语义方面提出了一种面向服务的架构(SOA)模型,目的是要提供使用本体和Jena规范来表示更有意义的早期海啸预警系统信息。     

基于TerraSAR-X影像的光学遥感影像地理定位研究综述

目前,我国遥感技术应用中最普遍采用的是通过光学遥感获取影像,这种方法一般需要控制点才能获得高分辨率遥感影像,不可避免地限制了其应用范围。然而TerraSAR-X具有精确的传感器校正、高精度的卫星位置及对卫星姿态的低依赖性等特性,在无地面信息的情况下,仍然可以获得高精度的遥感影像。因此,研究利用TerraSAR-X数据作为地面控制信息对光学遥感影像进行地理定位具有突破性的意义和价值。本文介绍了近几年TerraSAR-X影像对光学遥感影像进行定位的现状和方法,阐述了其理论基础和优缺点,并试着分析了现阶段争论的焦点。     

Optical flow-based method to estimate internal wave parameters from X-band marine radar images

The velocity and direction of internal waves (IWs) are important parameters of the ocean, however, traditional observation methods can only obtain the average parameters of IWs for a single location or large area. Herein, a new method based on optical flow is proposed to derive the phase velocity vectors of IWs from X-band marine radar images. First, the X-band marine radar image sequence is averaged, and ramp correction is used to reduce the attenuation of gray values with increasing radial range. Second, the average propagation direction of the IWs is determined using the two-dimensional Fourier transform of the radar images; two radial profiles along this direction are selected from two adjacent radar images; and then, the average phase velocity of the IWs is estimated from these radial profiles. Third, the averaged radar images are processed via histogram equalization and binarization to reduce the influence of noise on the radar images. Fourth, a weighting factor is determined using the average phase velocity of a reference point; the phase velocities on the wave crest of the IWs are subsequently estimated via the optical flow method. Finally, the proposed method is validated using X-band marine radar image sequences observed on an oil platform in the South China Sea, and the error of the phase velocity is calculated to be 0.000 3–0.073 8 m/s. The application conditions of the proposed method are also discussed using two different types of IW packets.     

水体悬沙浓度连续测量技术研究综述

水体悬沙浓度是水利、环境、河口海岸与海洋相关研究领域最为基础的数据需求之一。随着传感器技术的发展, 悬沙浓度连续测量技术在悬沙浓度测量领域表现出高时空分辨率、长期数据采集的成本和风险均较低的突出优点。本文综述了光学、声学、音叉谐振、压差和放射性射线衰减等原理用于悬沙浓度连续测量技术的相关研究进展, 探讨了各技术方法的优、缺点, 并提出了今后的研发重点和发展方向主要在以下几个方面: 1) 光后向散射原理是低成本、小型化和高时频测量悬沙浓度的最优技术路线, 需着力于开展量程扩增和粒径敏感度削弱研究; 2) 低不确定度悬沙浓度垂向剖面观测的实现依赖于超声后向散射原理技术路线的发展; 3) 音叉谐振原理技术路线尤为契合高含沙水流和浮泥工况下的超高量程应用场景; 4) 多技术路线传感器融合以及使用人工智能算法模型替代正向反演模型。     

Augmenting forest inventory attributes with geometric optical modelling in support of regional susceptibility assessments to bark beetle infestations

Assessment of the susceptibility of forests to mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) infestation is based upon an understanding of the characteristics that predispose the stands to attack. These assessments are typically derived from conventional forest inventory data; however, this information often represents only managed forest areas. It does not cover areas such as forest parks or conservation regions and is often not regularly updated resulting in an inability to assess forest susceptibility. To address these shortcomings, we demonstrate how a geometric optical model (GOM) can be applied to Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper (TM) imagery (30 m spatial resolution) to estimate stand-level susceptibility to mountain pine beetle attack. Spectral mixture analysis was used to determine the proportion of sunlit canopy and background, and shadow of each Landsat pixel enabling per pixel estimates of attributes required for model inversion. Stand structural attributes were then derived from inversion of the geometric optical model and used as basis for susceptibility mapping. Mean stand density estimated by the geometric optical model was 2753 (standard deviation ± 308) stems per hectare and mean horizontal crown radius was 2.09 (standard deviation ± 0.11) metres. When compared to equivalent forest inventory attributes, model predictions of stems per hectare and crown radius were shown to be reasonably estimated using a Kruskal–Wallis ANOVA (p < 0.001). These predictions were then used to create a large area map that provided an assessment of the forest area susceptible to mountain pine beetle damage.     

用航线结构取代地面试验场的线阵航空传感器检校方法

基于线阵传感器几何特性和误差模型的分析,提出一种不利用地面检校场的无地面控制点检校线阵传感器的方法。从对几何定标各种参数相关性的分析中,提出利用改善航线结构本身的几何条件可以消除或减少参数间的强相关性对解算精度的影响。特别对双航高结构消除主距、主点与高程之间的强相关性作了具体分析,从而实现了无地面控制点的相机自检校过程。然后研究整个工作流程并利用不同相机的实际数据进行检校实验,对生成的新相机参数进行精度验证与分析。结果证实本文提出的方法是可靠和可行的,可有效提高成像数据的几何定位精度。     

利用细模态气溶胶光学厚度估计PM2.5

本文利用2013年1月AERONET北京站的气溶胶光学深度(AOD)、气溶胶细模态比例(η)以及地面监测的细颗粒物质量浓度(PM2.5)数据建立AODf与PM2.5的线性回归关系,并利用2013年2月1-15日验证该方法。结果表明,利用2013年1月建立的回归方法能够有效估算灰霾期间细颗粒物质量浓度,获得PM2.5的均值为85μg/m3,均方根误差为50μg/m3。利用气溶胶细模态订正方法估算的灰霾组分气溶胶光学深度(AODf)与细颗粒物质量浓度的相关系数大于气溶胶总光学深度与PM2.5的相关系数,这表明灰霾期间以PM2.5为代表的细模态颗粒物成为气溶胶消光的主体,且AOD与PM2.5的关系转化为AODf与PM2.5的相关关系时,相关程度提高。垂直分布修正在灰霾时对改善AOD与PM2.5相关关系作用不明显;当相对湿度大于80%时,湿度订正效果受到较大限制。     

航空遥感航线设计系统研究与实现

航线设计是根据所用传感器、任务技术指标、摄区地形等因素,来计算航线和曝光点的坐标,为航空摄影外业提供依据和准则,使摄影成果满足质量要求。本文针对航空遥感任务的需要,开发了航线设计系统,并详细介绍了系统主要功能、航线和曝光点计算算法,以及系统实现的技术和方法。     

On RPC model of satellite imagery

The RPC model has recently raised considerable interest in the photogrammetry and remote sensing community. The RPC is a generalized sensor model that is capable of achieving high approximation accuracy. Unfortunately, the computation of the parameters of RPC model is subject to the initial of the parameter in all available liteature. An algorithm for computation of parameters of RPC model without initial value is presented and tested on SPOT-5, CBERS-2, ERS-1 imageries. RPC model is suitable for both push-broom and SAR imagery.     

Instrumental method for reducing error in compression-derived measurements of rainfall interception for individual trees

Abstract

This technical note presents an instrumental method for the precise and timely installation of mechanical displacement sensors to investigate stem compression and relaxation associated with whole-tree rainwater loading and evaporation, respectively. We developed this procedure in response to the conclusions of Friesen et al. (2008 Friesen, J. 2008. Tree rainfall interception measured by stem compression. Water Resources Research, 44 doi:doi:10.1029/2008 WR007074. [Google Scholar]), which called for the development of a precision mounting method for strain sensors on inherently-irregular trunk cross-sections so that rainfall interception, storage and evaporation may be distinguished from other strain-related phenomena. To supply precise sensor installation locations, high-resolution trunk profiles are generated using the LaserBark^TM automated tree measurement system. These scans are utilized to approximate the location of neutral bending axes. A routine then instructs a mobile rangefinder along the cross-section to optically indicate exact positioning for strain sensors over the bending axes. As imprecise sensor placement linearly increases error and diminishes signal-to-noise ratio, this automated installation routine is designed to remove significant distortions created by wind throw, off-centre loading within unevenly-distributed canopies, and human error that can lead to erroneous measurements of rainfall interception.

Citation Van Stan, J. T. II, Jarvis, M. T., Levia, D. F. Jr & Friesen, J. (2011) Instrumental method for reducing error in compressionderived measurements of rainfall interception for individual trees. Hydrol. Sci. J. 56(6), 1061–1066.