黄河内蒙古段土壤风蚀特征模拟

采集黄河内蒙古段风沙土、灰漠土、棕钙土和灌淤土,在室内进行土壤理化性质测定和风洞模拟试验。对比分析了4种土壤的理化性质和不同风速及含水量条件下的风蚀特征,并量化了不同土壤的风蚀强度与土壤理化性质间关系。结果表明：（1）相对于棕钙土和灌淤土,风沙土和灰漠土易蚀性颗粒含量较大,团聚体、有机质和碳酸钙含量较低,但相同风速和含水量条件下平均风蚀强度风沙土>棕钙土>灰漠土>灌淤土。（2）不同土壤风蚀强度与风速均呈较好的幂函数关系（R²≥0.85,P<0.05）,尤其是风沙土和棕钙土,幂函数关系明显优于指数函数。（3）除灰漠土,土壤风蚀强度与土壤含水量均呈较好指数函数关系（R²>0.90,P<0.05）,风沙土和灰漠土的风蚀强度突降的含水量临界点在4.5%左右,灌淤土和棕钙土无明显临界点。（4）不同土壤输沙率均随距地表高度的增加而急剧减少。在距地表10 cm范围内,不同土壤输沙率占总输沙率比例风沙土（82.67%）>灰漠土（80.77%）>灌淤土（74.07%）>棕钙土（73.77%）,当距地表大于30 cm后,集沙仪中基本收集不到风沙土和灰漠土风蚀颗粒。当轴心风速为16 m·s^-1时,不同土壤风沙流结构均表现为单峰曲线。（5）不同土壤风蚀强度与风速、含水量、团聚体、易蚀性颗粒和黏粒含量均呈较强的非线性相关关系（R²=0.76,P<0.05）。易蚀性颗粒含量是影响风蚀强度最主要的土壤属性,其次是干团聚体和黏粒含量。     

A GIS method to identify flat surfaces and restore relict fluvial long-profiles from terrace remnants gives new clues on how large basins respond to endorheic–exorheic transitions (Duero basin,Iberian Peninsula)

Fluvial terraces are used as geomorphic indicators for deciphering long-term landscape evolution. Knowing the distribution of fluvial terraces is essential for establishing former river profiles and their tectonic significance, for studying climate-modulated processes of terrace development, or for defining fluvial network adjustments in response to sudden base-level changes like those produced by fluvial captures. Multiple methods for automatic map production have been proposed based on the comparison of morphometric indices with those of the modern river course. Here we propose an alternative method to identify flat surfaces and scarps separating them from digital elevation models without setting comparisons with a modern river course and thus fully applicable to study flat landforms whatever their origin. Its application to the low-relief landscape of the Cenozoic Duero basin has allowed the improvement of previous geomorphological maps and the analysis of fluvial network adjustments in response to a sudden base-level fall after the opening of the Neogene endorheic basin towards the Atlantic Ocean. Reconstructed terrace long-profiles suggest an initial episode of fast vertical incision followed by a period of repeated planation–aggradation–incision with the formation of 14 to 13 unpaired terrace levels. Changes observed in the pattern of terrace profiles are discussed with regard to changes in regional tectonics and base-level variations. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

关于发展我国漂流浮标和锚泊浮标技术的建议

本文综述了90年代国外漂流浮标和锚泊浮标技术的发展动态,从战略发展的高度提出了研制多参数表层漂流浮标、多次往返式剖面仪、绷紧式锚泊浮标和水质监测浮标的建议,并分析了国内的需求和相应的研究基础.     

浅析SVP使用的表层漂流浮标及在我国的应用现状

漂流浮标日渐在我国受到重视和应用,本文着重介绍ＴＥＣＨＮＣＣＥＡＮ公司生产的测温型拉格郎日浮标构造、原理,数据传输及１９９６年以来在我国数次海洋调查活动中使用漂流浮标的情况。文章还阐明经努力可达到的目的。     

普通地图符号的全开放式设计

运用面向对象技术和模板方法实现了普通地图点、线、面状符号的设计与建库,对其设计与建库思路及关键技术进行了分析,介绍了开放式的可视化设计环境。     

岩石节理张开度的分形描述

本文应用分形理论,建立了描述岩石断裂面的自仿射随机分形理论模型。根据该模型探讨了岩石断裂面张开度与自仿射分形维数之间的关系,并对影响张开度的诸因素进行了分析。研究表明,分形维数可用于定量刻划断裂面的平均张开度。     

Comparison of Kuroshio surface velocities derived from satellite altimeter and drifting buoy data

Sea-surface geostrophic velocities for the Kuroshio region calculated from TOPEX/POSEIDON altimetry data together within situ oceanographic data are compared with surface velocities derived from drifting buoy trajectories. The geostrophic velocities agree well with the observed velocities, suggesting that the Kuroshio surface layer is essentially in geostrophic balance, within measurement error. The comparison is improved a little when the centrifugal acceleration is taken into account. The observed velocities are divided into the temporal mean and fluctuation components, and the partitioning of velocities between these two components is examined. For the Kuroshio region, most of the fluctuation components of the velocities derived from drifting buoys are found to be positive. This result suggests that Eulerian mean velocities for the Kuroshio region estimated from drifting buoy data tend to be larger than actual means, due to the buoy’s tendency to sample preferentially in the high-velocity Kuroshio.     

地下洞室埋深对围岩双重非线性影响的有限元分析

分别使用小变形和大变形弹塑性有限元方法,对位于不同埋深的地下洞室围岩动态进行了计算,分析了围岩中的塑性区、位移场和应力场。当洞室埋深较小时,岩体双重非线性表现不明显,小变形与大变形方法所得结果相当接近;当洞室埋深较大时,岩体的双重非线性明显呈现而使得两种方法的结果相差较大,此时宜选择用大变形理论。     

中国各省区对外开放度比较研究

改革开放以来,中国对外开放水平不断提高,但各地区之间差异显著。关于我国对外开放度的测定已引起学术界的重视,但对经济开放度的区域差异研究很少。文章采用1990年和2000年的统计资料对中国各省区对外开放度进行测定和比较分析,结果表明1990年以来各省区对外开放度普遍有了明显的提高,对外开放度的排序有了一些变化,但总体格局没有改变。各省区之间对外开放度存在巨大差异,不仅东、中、西三大地带之间差异显著,而且区域内部也存在明显差异。最后,根据对外开放度的时空差异特征对各省区进行分类,并得出若干结论和启示。     

国产海洋气象漂流浮标运行评估分析

利用2017年西太平洋海域国产海洋气象漂流浮标（以下简称浮标）实时运行数据、定位数据及观测数据,对浮标有效寿命、文件接收率、数据到报率和数据可用性等主要指标进行了评估。结果表明,浮标漂流速度是反映仪器有效寿命的关键指标,4套浮标有效寿命分别为193.8 h、837.8 h、330.8 h和2766.9 h;有效寿命内浮标文件接收率和数据到报率分别为79.86%和98.74%、97.37%和99.88%、94.65%和100%、65.45%和89.66%。经浮标运行状态参数影响分析和质量控制算法验证,浮标数据可用率分别为98.90%、99.68%、98.31%和60.14%。浮标太阳能充电模块可以一定程度上增加浮标工作寿命,但不能阻止电源损耗,电源电压变化趋势预测结果表明浮标工作寿命在5550 h至8400 h,满足设计指标。