Grain Coarsening of Hematite in the Gushan Iron Deposit,Anhui Province,China

The iron ores of the Gushan mine occur in the contact zone of a Mesozoic diorite intrusion and are composed primarily of hematite microcrystallites and chalcedony,The hematite microcrystallites have undergone post-mineralization recrystallization and coarsening with resultant formation of lath-shaped hematite porphyroblasts.Microscopic investigation reveals that recrystallization and coarsening of the hematite ores of the Gushan mine took place without the formation of new nuclei,due to the coalescence of the microcrystallites.The whole process could have begun with the mutual approach of the microcrystallites,followed by grain rotation to realize paralleism and ending by the welding of these grains to form optically homogeneous porphyroblastic hematite.     

Mercury in itabirite-hosted soft hematite ore in the Quadrilátero Ferrífero of Minas Gerais

Mercury contents in Precambrian banded iron formation-hosted hematite ores are virtually unknown. In an attempt to provide information on the abundance and distribution of Hg in Fe ore, we present analyses for Hg in samples of high-grade soft hematite ore from Gongo Soco, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Bulk samples contain from <  5 to 25  ppb Hg without obvious correlation with major elements. Granulometric fractions of follow-up samples have amounts of Hg from 6 to 48  ppb and display positive linear correlations with total Mn as MnO (r = 0.87), LOI (r = 0.87) and SiO₂ (r = 0.76), as well as a negative linear correlation with total Fe as Fe₂O₃ (r = −  0.87). The correlations suggest that Hg is associated with a hydrated ferruginous groundmass bearing residual Mn, Al and Si, which replaced gangue minerals in itabirite in the process of formation of the Gongo Soco soft hematite ore.     

A new ophiuroid (Geocoma schoentalensis sp. nov.) from the Middle Jurassic of northwestern Switzerland and remarks on the family Aplocomidae Hess 1965

A new ophiuroid species from the Hauptrogenstein Formation (Middle Jurassic, Bajocian) of the Rehhag ridge near Schöntal, northwestern Switzerland, is described based on 34 specimens. The impression of an indeterminate astropectinid sea star has also been found. The fully articulated specimens have been smothered by mobile oolitic dunes or sandwaves. The site can be genetically classified as an obrution deposit and belongs to the widely recognized “Hauptrogenstein type”. The remains are assigned to the genus Geocoma d’Orbigny 1850, best known from the type species, G. carinata (Münster), from the Tithonian Plattenkalk of Zandt. As suggested by Kutscher (1997) this species also includes Ophiocten kelheimense Boehm 1889, now documented by numerous well-preserved specimens from the Plattenkalk of Hienheim. Kutscher assigned the Hienheim specimens to the genus Sinosura Hess 1964 and used both names though G. carinata has priority. Despite rather small differences Sinosura is retained as a valid genus besides Geocoma, and both are placed in the family Aplocomidae Hess 1965. Geocoma and Sinosura share small adpressed arm spines with Aplocoma d’Orbigny 1852. Aplocoma is represented by a number of Triassic and Jurassic species, and the subfamily Aplocominae is proposed herein for the three genera. A second subfamily, Ophiopetrinae, is proposed for the genera Ophiopetra Enay &; Hess 1962 and Ophiohybris Hess 1964, and is characterized by larger, erect arm spines.     

粒滩相与藻坪相沉积——鲁西地区中寒武统张夏组剖析

鲁西地区中寒武统张夏组岩石的各种沉积特征表明：①华北地区普遍发育的鲕粒沉积在许多地点和层位是受海平面和水流条件变化影响的异地沉积物,而并非原始的“滩”。不同地点的鲕粒沉积具穿时性,一般由东和南向西和北层位逐步抬高,而并非同一时间的产物,即它们属同性相,而非同时相;②在鲕层中不同结构的鲕粒在一起,是由于沉积过程中不同地方的鲕粒相混合造成的,可称“沉积混合”,有的是在沉积稳定后受差异成岩作用的影响而造成的,可称“成岩混合”;③鲕粒沉积之后普遍为一套藻沉积,基本组分是Ｅｉｐｈｙｔｏｎ,,它处于潮坪环境,即藻坪。其中潮渠和干裂较发育。藻沉积的类型有藻斑块,藻丘、叠层石,个别地点发育藻礁;④由于海平面和潮流条件的频繁变化,使藻坪外或藻坪间的鲕粒沉积与藻坪沉积相互交替;⑤张夏组上、下段中鲕粒的形成环境不同,前者主要是较弱扰动条件下的产物,后者主要是较强和中等扰动条件下的产物;⑥综合沉积环境分析归纳出主要沉积相带的基本展布状况,由近陆向外海依次是：潮坪相—受局限水域（或泻湖）相—潮汐坝相—开阔浅海相。     

Complexation of Gold(III)-Chloride at the Surface of Hematite

The acid/base properties of the hematite/water interface and surfacecomplexation with gold has been studied by potentiometric titrations in thefour component system H⁺ – FeOH –AuCl ₄ ^- – Cl^-. Equilibrium measurementswere performed in NaCl media at 298.2 K. In the evaluation of equilibriummodel from experimental data the constant capacitance model was applied. Theacid/base properties were investigated in 0.1 M NaCl in the range 2.6 pH 7.4. The resulting intrinsic constants for protonation anddeprotonation of hydroxyl groups at the surface were log _1,1,0,0(int) ^s = 7.10 ± 0.06 andlog _{-1,1,0,0(int)} ^s = - 7.80 ±0.06. The density of proton active surface sites was 2.85nm^-2 and the specific capacitance 2.5 C V^-1 m^-2. In the investigation of surface complexation of gold, thepotentiometric titrations were performed in the range 2.0 pH 10.2.Titration data was supplemented with analysis of Au in the aqueous phase byatomic absorbance spectrometry. The equilibrium model proposed consists ofthe following monodentate surface complexes: FeOHAuCl₃(log _0,1,1,-1 ^s = 1.45 ± 0.03),FeOHAuCl₂OH (log _-1,1,1,-2 ^s = -3.89 ± 0.02), FeOHAu(OH)₃ (log _-3,1,1,-4 ^s = -21.94 ± 0.05). Aslightly better fit could be obtained by assuming formation of a bidentatecomplex with the composition(FeO)₂Au(OH)H₂O. However, based onstructural arguments this complex was rejected.     

川东北罗家寨气田下三叠统飞仙关组鲕粒滩成岩作用

四川东北部罗家寨气田的储层为下三叠统飞仙关组孔隙性鲕粒白云岩。其沉积相属碳酸盐台地的鲕粒滩微相，为台地潮下较高能环境沉积，主要受潮汐作用的控制。原生岩石为亮晶鲕粒石灰岩和泥晶鲕粒石灰岩，白云石化作用使其岩石结构大多遭受破坏。对储层起建设性作用的成岩作用主要有白云石化作用、埋藏溶解作用。白云石化作用是形成优质储层的基础。埋藏溶解作用主要在粒间半充填剩余缝隙、交代白云石的晶间孔内进行，这进一步溶蚀造就了大量超大孔隙、粒间溶孔、粒内孔、铸模孔等。对储层起到破坏作用的主要是充填作用，表现为次生溶蚀孔隙、裂缝、溶洞中充填自生矿物，它们的包裹体测温数据证明充填作用发生在埋藏时期。各种自生矿物充填的不均匀性揭示了岩石与孔隙水之间相互作用的复杂性，以及岩溶水在不同时期是变化的。     

我国显生宙鲕铁石

我国显生宙鲕铁石主要分布在我国中南、西南,其次为华东地区,主要产于中奥陶世,中、晚泥盆世,早、中侏罗世地层中,以晚泥盆世最为重要,其矿石储量占70.5％,沉积条件最好,为接近封闭的浅海泻湖中。奥陶纪及泥盆纪海水中沉积的鲕粒直径分别为0.7—2mm,0.2—0.8mm。侏罗纪湖水沉积的鲕铁石直径为0.15—0.66mm。鲕粒环带的形成,与水体波动能量使铁质围绕碎屑矿物,或围绕先已形成的自形晶微粒铁矿物旋转有关。静水沉积时能量小,无环带形成,多为无核心的铁质团粒。鲕粒环带,杂基多为自形晶铁矿物或碳酸盐物,鲕核有的为石英碎屑,右的为自形晶铁矿物或碎屑铁矿物。     

四川旺苍志留系鲕粒灰岩特征及地质意义

近期在川西北旺苍地区早志留世南江组中首次发现了鲕粒灰岩.它们多以10 cm左右的薄层夹持在页岩或粉砂质泥岩中, 沉积相分析显示该段地层总体应属于均斜缓坡沉积体系.说明这些鲕粒是由异地搬运而来, 在旺苍附近可能会存在相当规模的鲕粒滩.在显微镜下可观察到, 其中的鲕粒类别单一, 鲕粒紧密排列, 并呈现一定程度的压缩变形, 局部壳层呈锯齿状, 也指示这些鲕粒曾经历过高能分选和搬运, 以及压实成岩作用等.氧碳同位素测试显示, 这些鲕粒灰岩沉积时的古温度大体为25~31 ℃, 表明早志留世的上扬子地台应处于中低纬度干热或温暖的古气候带.除去古气候及古地理学方面的意义, 当前鲕粒灰岩的发现还为该区油气勘探提供了重要的储层信息.      

北京下苇甸地区寒武系张夏组鲕粒滩成岩演化与勘探前景

成岩作用及成岩演化序列控制着鲕粒滩储集空间的发育。下苇甸地区寒武系张夏组主要为鲕粒滩微相。通过野外实测、薄片观察、X衍射等方法,阐明了下苇甸地区寒武系张夏组鲕粒滩的主要成岩作用类型和成岩序列,并对张夏组鲕粒滩的勘探前景进行了展望,得出如下结论:(1)对下苇甸地区张夏组鲕粒滩储集性能有明显影响的成岩作用主要包括压实-压溶、胶结作用、白云石化作用等。除此之外,硅化作用主要以围绕鲕粒的硅化套形式出现;(2)鲕粒白云石化主要发生在同生成岩阶段,白云石晶间孔是鲕粒滩主要的储集空间。早-晚成岩阶段主要以鲕粒滩的压实-压溶作用为主,造成了粒间孔隙的急剧减少;(3)鲕粒滩压溶产生的缝合线及其伴生的溶蚀孔隙与白云石晶间孔构成的疏导-储集复合体系是鲕粒滩可能的油气储集空间,在证实中新元古界烃源岩供源的前提下,华北寒武系张夏组是一套潜在的勘探新层系,值得研究和探索。     

豫西登封地区寒武系第三统鲕粒和鲕粒灰岩演化及其意义*

豫西登封寒武系第三统灰岩中的鲕粒自下而上个体直径与鲕核逐渐变小、形态变得更加浑圆、鲕粒间胶结程度更高,反映了从深水不稳定鲕粒灰岩到浅水高速建造鲕粒滩的演变过程。研究区鲕粒灰岩发育可以分为3个阶段:(1)台地深斜坡鲕粒灰岩建造阶段(A段),主要发育放射鲕及同心—放射鲕,鲕粒形态多样、粒径大,粒间多为灰泥充填;(2)滩前缓斜坡鲕粒灰岩建造阶段(B段),主要发育同心—放射鲕、同心鲕,鲕粒含量极不稳定,粒径差异大,粒间由微亮晶及亮晶方解石胶结;(3)台内鲕粒滩高速建造阶段(C段), 主要发育白云化的同心鲕和微晶鲕,鲕粒含量极高、粒径极小,鲕核也很小,粒间由亮晶方解石胶结。由A段到C段,相对水深逐渐变浅,成鲕环境变得成熟而稳定,鲕粒沉积规模逐渐扩大。