Properties of Ironstone Lateritic Gravels in Relation to Gravel Road Pavement Construction

A laboratory investigation was conducted to determine properties of five samples of ‘oolitic ironstone’ lateritic gravel aggregates which are relevant to their use as road construction materials. Measured values of physico-chemical, physico-mechanical as well as index properties and compaction characteristics are similar to those of other lateritic, gravels occurring in West Africa which are used in road pavement applications. These lateritic clayey gravels have good workability as engineering construction materials and are rated fair to good as road aggregates in terms of probable in-situ behaviour based on water absorption values. Relationships between maximum dry unit weight and optimum moisture content as well as those between California bearing ratio and some derived soil parameters such as grading modulus, plasticity product or plasticity modulus can be described using a third-order polynomial function. The maximum dry unit weight has a bimodal frequency distribution and can be predicted from logarithm to base 10 of compaction energy with fairly good accuracy.     

Characteristics and genesis of hematite in Chinese loess and paleosol sequences： Mineral genetic restriction for magnetic susceptibility as paleoclimate proxy and iron geochemistry

Hematite is an important iron oxide mineral in loess-paleosol sequences in central China. Investigation of the mineralogical characteristics, genetic mechanism and relationship of hematite with other iron oxides and Fe-bearing minerals will help understand the geochemical process before and after eolian deposit, paleocliamte significance of magnetic susceptibility and reconstruct paleoclimate in central China. So, hematite and related minerals of the loess and paleosol units from Chinese Loess Plateau were investigated using optical microscope, X-ray powder diffraction （XRD）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, and high-resolution transmission microscopy （HRTEM）. The results show that there are five genetic types of hematite in loess-paleosol sequences of central China： （1） weathering of Fe-bearing silicate minerals, for instance, chlorite, will release iron that is precipitated as aggregates of hematite nano-crystals on mineral surfaces; （2） hematite combined with eolian magnetite grains that resulted from partial oxidation of magnetite, even though the partial oxidation may occur in the original area; （3） phase transformation from eolian goethite to hematite; （4） hematite formed on the edge and surface of maghemite because of dissolution and hematite recrystallization; and （5） eolian detrial hematite. The hematite formed from chemical weathering of Fe-bearing silicates with nanoporous texture because of dehydration from iron hydroxide is the most important genetic mechanism. It is proposed that the fact that hematite was formed from chemical weathering of Fe-bearing silicates is a main reason for the redness in paleosol units. However, too intense pedogenesis and high amounts of precipitation will promote oxidation of eolian magnetite and maghemite dissolution, which may result in the decreasing of magnetic susceptibility.     

四川盆地东北部飞仙关组高效气藏形成机理

最近10年,四川盆地东北地区发现了一批飞仙关组鲡滩高效气藏。本文通过对大量实验测试数据的分析整理以及成藏过程的模拟研究,提出了高效气藏形成机理。指出古油藏及分散液态烃在燕山中期快速升温条件下,形成高效气源灶,为高效气藏的形成提供了丰富的气源;优质鲡粒白云岩储集层经历6个阶段的演化历史,受控于沉积相带、烃类充注、深埋藏条件下强烈溶蚀以及多期断层活动;二叠系烃源岩与飞仙关组储集层存在强大的剩余压力差,为油气沿断层发生优势输导提供强大动力;燕山晚期-喜马拉雅期的构造作用,使得气藏发生调整与改造。     

川东北飞仙关组鲕滩储层硫酸溶蚀的证据和模式探讨

川东北飞仙关组鲕滩储层的主要储集空间为溶蚀孔洞,主要由大气淡水溶蚀作用、有机酸溶蚀作用和硫酸溶蚀作用所形成。通过硫酸对灰岩和白云岩溶蚀实验、天然气中硫化氢含量与飞仙关组石膏厚度关系分析、天然气中硫同位素与地层中的硫同位素比较、方解石胶结物的阴离子分析等证据,首次提出了硫酸溶蚀在该储层形成中起很重要的作用。探讨了硫酸溶蚀形成储层的模式。     

The hematite–goethite enhancement model of loess and an ‘irregular’ case from Paks,Hungary

On the basis of a key model of the appearance of hematite and goethite in some Chinese and European loess successions, paleosols generally contain higher proportions of hematite formed by pedogenic processes during warm and humid interglacials, while loess contains sedimentary goethite deposited during colder, glacial periods. Rock magnetic measurements were conducted on samples from Paks (Hungary) loess, revealing an anomalous case. Sediments were found to contain higher amounts of hematite and/or goethite, while the well‐developed paleosols were found to be lacking in hematite but had significant amounts of magnetite and maghemite. This observation demonstrates that the character of pedogenic magnetic mineral alteration and neoformation differs from the hematite/goethite model; the model is therefore not applicable to the Paks succession, possibly due to differences in the regional paleoclimate and pedogenic environment. The results indicate the existence of a further model, in which hematite formation is not significant in the course of pedogenesis.     

老挝万象盆地钾盐矿床成盐晚期沉积环境: 来自硼酸盐矿物的证据

老挝万象盆地蕴含着丰富的钾资源,是研究古蒸发岩和古海水形成演化的热点地区之一.老挝万象盆地含盐建造包含3个蒸发岩?碎屑岩沉积韵律,而钾镁盐矿赋存在下盐段顶部.通过对老挝通芒钾盐矿区钾镁盐矿层的硼酸盐矿物的提取,发现在成钾晚期硼酸盐矿物有方硼石单晶和鲕粒方硼石两种形式.钻孔中方硼石单晶含量较少,而鲕粒方硼石分布较多且基本...     

赤铁矿和氧化镁对养殖粪污厌氧发酵气体中H_2S的抑制

集约化畜禽养殖场厌氧发酵过程中产生的大量H2S具有潜在的危害。本文以某畜禽养殖场的新鲜猪粪为研究对象,通过添加不同比例的赤铁矿和氧化镁,模拟猪粪厌氧发酵过程中对H2S产生和释放的影响。在18 d的持续实验中,对发酵液中pH和发酵气体中H2S浓度变化进行全程监控,结果表明：添加赤铁矿对发酵体系的pH无明显影响,而添加氧化镁可显著提高发酵体系的pH值;添加2种矿物越多,气体中H2S含量越低。推测2种矿物对H2S产生的抑制在机制上有所不同。赤铁矿主要通过还原分解消耗H＋和沉淀消耗S2-的方式抑制H2S的产生;氧化镁则主要通过提高体系pH值,抑制SRB的活性以及降低H2S在气相中的分配。     

四川龙门山石炭纪鲕状赤铁矿及其古环境意义

四川龙门山地区石炭系总长沟组底部发育一层鲕状赤铁矿,其内的铁质鲕粒由各种不同类型的核心和同心纹层构成.鲕粒核心主要有3种:由纯赤铁矿颗粒构成的鲕粒核心、由破碎鲕构成的鲕粒核心、由夹有石英颗粒的赤铁矿构成的鲕粒核心.鲕粒同心纹层由赤铁矿及高岭石组成,存在着明显的颜色、成分差别.纹层颜色有暗黑色、铁红色及亮白色,与之相对应,Fe2O3含量分别为39.472%～58.200%、12.988%～24.275% 及3.617%～9.230%.三者交替出现,构成鲕粒圈层.通过对鲕状赤铁矿的成分、结构及其他相关特征分析,推测其形成于后砂坝环境.汤靶沟阶晚期存在一次规模较大的古暴露及古岩溶事件,其间风化剥蚀形成的铁铝质风化壳为鲕状赤铁矿提供了物质基础.     

蜀南地区飞仙关组鲕滩储层成因机制分析

对蜀南地区飞仙关组鲕滩储层的深入研究表明,飞仙关组鲕滩储层储集空间以大气淡水选择性溶蚀形成的铸模孔和粒内溶孔为主,储层发育在滩体中上部,具有明显的层位性。结合沉积期古地貌、海平面升降变化、古气候及成岩演化等储层控制因素分析认为,该区鲕滩储层为早期岩溶成因,早期大气淡水淋溶是针孔鲕粒灰岩储层形成的关键。海底古地貌高地鲕粒滩为储层的形成和发育提供了物质基础,决定了早期孔、渗层的时空分布规律;沉积期古地貌、海平面变化及古气候决定了早期岩溶的强度,控制了储层发育程度。埋藏溶蚀和构造破裂对储层具有一定的优化改造作用,但作用有限。     

鲕粒灰岩的溶解动力学特征和微观形貌的发育演化

鲕粒灰岩是重要的碳酸盐岩油气储层。通过常温常压下,北京西山鲕粒灰岩的溶解动力学实验发现,鲕粒灰岩的溶解主要受岩石和矿物的结构和化学成分控制。结构上表现为构造裂缝、鲕粒结合纹、颗粒晶体结合带等结构薄弱带优先发生溶蚀。成分上表现为白云岩化组分不仅自身较易溶蚀,而且能促进鲕粒灰岩的整体溶解;粘土矿物、石英等杂质组分常与鲕粒和白云岩化颗粒伴生,其对两者的阻溶效应更大。溶解过程中,鲕粒灰岩的构造裂隙、鲕粒放射结合纹和同心圈层等首先发生溶蚀,产生溶隙、粒内溶孔和粒间溶孔;其次为白云质组分以及白云质组分与方解石结合处而产生晶间溶孔、粒内溶孔;随着溶蚀强度的加强,围绕鲕粒形成环状溶蚀沟,在鲕粒溶蚀脱落后而形成鲕模孔。