大兴安岭南段朝克乌拉地区晚侏罗—早白垩世辉长岩年代学和地球化学研究

基于内蒙古朝克乌拉地区开展的1∶5万区域地质调查工作,发现一期以辉长岩为主的基性岩浆活动。研究表明：朝克乌拉地区辉长岩锆石U- Pb年龄为142.6±0.5 Ma、145.1±2.1 Ma,显示岩石为晚侏罗—早白垩世产物。辉长岩为拉斑系列岩石,具有低硅、低钛、贫碱且高钠低钾特点,分异作用极弱,Eu异常不明显,微量元素Ba、Ta、Sr、Hf富集, Rb、Th、Nb、P亏损。辉长岩岩石地球化学显示其岩浆源区为亏损尖晶石二辉橄榄岩地幔发生30%以上的部分熔融形成,存在流体影响的地球化学特征。岩浆在演化过程中存在一定程度的分离结晶作用,地壳混染作用极其微弱。通过与贺根山蛇绿岩配套岩系的类比,结合研究区古生代至中生代构造背景和贺根山缝合带壳幔电性结构全面分析,推断晚侏罗—早白垩世辉长岩具有的岛弧印记特征为贺根山洋发育时期古岛弧环境的反映,辉长岩只是伸展背景下幔源岩浆沿深大断裂上涌作用的产物。     

吉林中部敖花村角闪辉长岩锆石U-Pb定年、Hf同位素和岩石地球化学特征

古太平洋板块的俯冲在欧亚大陆东缘的区域构造演化中发挥了重要作用,但其发生的时间尚不清楚。本文报道了吉林中部新发现的敖花村角闪辉长岩的锆石U-Pb年龄、Hf同位素组成和岩石地球化学数据。锆石U-Pb定年显示,角闪辉长岩形成于早侏罗世(180.3±2.3 Ma),锆石εHf(t)值高且均一(9.6～11.3)。岩石地球化学分析显示样品低Si和Al,高Fe、Mg和Ca,富集轻稀土和大离子亲石元素(如Rb、Ba、U、K和Sr),亏损重稀土和高场强元素(如Nb、Ta和Ti),具有弱Eu负异常(δEu=0.67～0.98)。岩石起源于板片流体交代的亏损岩石圈地幔,形成过程中分离结晶、地壳混染和堆晶作用不明显。结合东北地区东段早中生代火成岩组合及时空分布,认为古太平洋板块向欧亚大陆下的俯冲开始于早侏罗世,敖花村角闪辉长岩形成于与古太平洋俯冲密切相关的弧后环境。     

东天山库姆塔格发现辉长岩中钼的超常富集

在新疆东天山库姆塔格新发现了辉长岩中钼元素的超常富集,超过了目前的工业品位。从野外产状看,与钼矿化直接相关的岩石均为辉长岩,共两类:一是规模较小但全岩矿化的辉长岩脉;二是规模较大但没有矿化的辉长岩体;矿化的辉长岩脉穿插于非矿化的辉长岩体之中。虽然辉长岩体矿区东侧有中酸性岩浆岩存在,但野外产状和现有的物化探工作尚未发现钼矿化与中酸性岩浆岩有直接关系。无论辉长岩的形成与钼的富集是否属于同一次地质作用的产物,这都可能是一种尚未被认识的、全新的钼矿床(矿化)类型,具有重要的理论意义。     

Petrology of gabbroic xenoliths in 1960 Kilauea basalt: crystalline remnants of prior (1955) magmatism

The 1960 Kapoho lavas of Kilauea’s east rift zone contain 1–10 cm xenoliths of olivine gabbro, olivine gabbro-norite, and gabbro norite. Textures are poikilitic (ol+sp+cpx in pl) and intergranular (cpx+pl±ol±opx). Poikilitic xenoliths, which we interpret as cumulates, have the most primitive mineral compositions, Fo_82.5, cpx Mg# 86.5, and An_80.5. Many granular xenoliths (ol and noritic gabbro) contain abundant vesicular glass that gives them intersertal, hyaloophitic, and overall ‘open’ textures to suggest that they represent ‘mush’ and ‘crust’ of a magma crystallization environment. Their phase compositions are more evolved (Fo_80–70, cpx Mg# 82–75, and An_73–63) than those of the poikilitic xenoliths. Associated glass is basaltic, but evolved (MgO 5 wt%; TiO₂ 3.7–5.8 wt%). The gabbroic xenolith mineral compositions fit existing fractional crystallization models that relate the origins of various Kilauea lavas to one another. FeO/MgO crystal–liquid partitioning is consistent with the poikilitic ol-gabbro assemblage forming as a crystallization product from Kilauea summit magma with ∼8 wt% MgO that was parental to evolved lavas on the east rift zone. For example, least squares calculations link summit magmas to early 1955 rift-zone lavas (∼5 wt% MgO) through ∼28–34% crystallization of the ol+sp+cpx+pl that comprise the poikilitic ol-gabbros. The other ol-gabbro assemblages and the olivine gabbro-norite assemblages crystallized from evolved liquids, such as represented by the early 1955 and late 1955 lavas (∼6.5 wt% MgO) of the east rift zone. The eruption of 1960 Kapoho magmas, then, scoured the rift-zone reservoir system to entrain portions of cumulate and solidification zones that had coated reservoir margins during crystallization of prior east rift-zone magmas. Received: January 7, 1993/Accepted: November 23, 1993     

上地幔的岩石组构和各向异性

着重介绍了上地幔各向异性及其成因,研究内容和方法,各向异性研究的地球动力学意义,并强调指出橄榄石和辉石在塑性固态流动过程中产生的晶格优选方位或组构是导致上地幔各向异性最主要原因。     

柴北缘乌兰北部三叠纪辉长岩的年代学和地球化学特征

柴北缘乌兰地区中生代岩浆岩分布广泛，主要出露辉长岩、闪长岩、花岗闪长岩和花岗岩。乌兰北部两件辉长岩样品的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年显示其加权平均年龄分别为（241.9±0.9） Ma和（245.4±1.9） Ma，说明其形成于中三叠世早期。辉长岩的w（SiO₂）为47.94%和52.01%，全碱质量分数较低（ALK为1.25%和1.47%），里特曼指数为0.33和0.26，属钙碱性系列岩石；w（Cr）（1 661.00×10^-6和1 418.00×10^-6）、w（Ni）（394.00×10^-6和280.00×10^-6）和Mg^#值（81和79）极高，具幔源原生玄武岩浆特征。轻、重稀土元素分馏较弱，LREE/HREE为3.92和3.44，无明显负Eu异常，表明未发生明显的岩浆分异作用；富集K、Rb等大离子亲石元素，不同程度地亏损Nb、Ta、Ti等高场强元素，表现为与俯冲作用相关的弧岩浆岩特征。辉长岩的ε_Hf（t）值（-3.0~9.3）变化较大，暗示来自地幔的基性岩浆中有地壳组分的加入。结合区域地质演化特征研究成果，认为辉长岩形成于古特提斯洋向北俯冲背景下的大陆边缘弧环境，俯冲的洋壳板片脱水产生的流体导致上覆地幔楔部分熔融，形成玄武质岩浆，岩浆上升侵位过程中遭受地壳物质混染或与壳源岩浆发生混合作用。     

Experimental Petrology of the Kiglapait Intrusion: Cotectic Trace for the Lower Zone at 5 kbar in Graphite

The inferred crystallization history of the troctolitic LowerZone of the Kiglapait Intrusion in Labrador is tested by meltingmineral mixtures from the intrusion, made to yield the observedcrystal compositions on the cotectic trace of liquid, plagioclase,and olivine. Melting experiments were made in a piston-cylinderapparatus, using graphite capsules at 5 kbar. Lower Zone assemblagescrystallized from 1245°C, 5% normative augite in the liquid,to 1203°C, 24% normative augite in the liquid at saturationwith augite crystals. This transit is consistent with modaldata and the large volume of the Lower Zone. The 1245°Ccotectic composition matches the average Inner Border Zone composition.Quenched troctolitic liquid from the Upper Border Zone, andothers from nearby Newark Island, plot on or near our experimentalcotectic, supporting a common fractionation history. Olivine–plagioclaseintergrowths from cotectic troctolitic melt show mosaic texturesreflecting the differing barriers to nucleation of these twophases. The linear partitioning of X_Ab in plagioclase–meltyields an intercept constant K_D = 0·524 for these maficmelts. Observed subsolidus exchange of Ca between plagioclaseand olivine elucidates the loss of Ca from plutonic olivines.The bulk composition of the intrusion is revised downward inFo and An. KEY WORDS: experimental; olivine; plagioclase; Kiglapait; partitioningAbbreviations: AP, MT, IL, OR, AB, AN, DI, HY, OL, FO, NE, Q, FSP, AUG: (Oxygen) Normative components; Ap, Aug, Ilm, Ol, Pl: Phases; Ab, An, Di, Fa, Fo, Or, Wo: Phase components; also ternary endmembers; BSE: Back-scattered electron; CaTs: Calcium Tschermak's component, CaAlAlSiO₆; D: Partition coefficient; f: Fugacity; F_L: Fraction of the system present as liquid = 1 – (PCS/100); FMQ: Fayalite = magnetite + quartz buffer; IBZ: Inner Border Zone; IW: Iron = wüstite buffer; kbar: kilobar, 10⁸ pascal; K_D: Exchange coefficient; KI: Kiglapait Intrusion; L: Liquid phase; LLD: Liquid line of descent; Ma: Mega-annum, age; Myr: Mega-year, time; OLHY: Normative OL + HY; OLRAT: The ratio OLHY/(OLHY + AUG); P: Pressure; P: Phosphorus; PCS: Percent solidified (volume); SMAR: South Margin average composition; T: Temperature, °C; UBZ: Upper Border Zone; WM: Wüstite = magnetite buffer; Wo: Wollastonite component of pyroxene; X: Mole fraction; X_Mg: Molar ratio Mg/(Mg + Fe²⁺); , X_Mg(0): Initial X_Mg before MT is formed in the norm calculation; X: Coordinate, horizontal axis; Y: Coordinate, vertical axis     

Melt Inclusions in Primitive Olivine Phenocrysts: the Role of Localized Reaction Processes in the Origin of Anomalous Compositions

Melt inclusions are small portions of liquid trapped by growingcrystals during magma evolution. Recent studies of melt inclusionshave revealed a large range of unusual major and trace elementcompositions in phenocrysts from primitive mantle-derived magmaticrocks [e.g. in high-Fo olivine (Fo > 85 mol %), spinel, high-Anplagioclase]. Inclusions in phenocrysts crystallized from moreevolved magmas (e.g. olivine Fo < 85 mol %), are usuallycompositionally similar to the host lavas. This paper reviewsthe chemistry of melt inclusions in high-Fo olivine phenocrystsfocusing on those with anomalous major and trace element contentsfrom mid-ocean ridge and subduction-related basalts. We suggestthat a significant portion of the anomalous inclusion compositionsreflects localized, grain-scale dissolution–reaction–mixing(DRM) processes within the magmatic plumbing system. The DRMprocesses occur at the margins of primitive magma bodies, wheremagma is in contact with cooler wall rocks and/or pre-existingsemi-solidified crystal mush zones (depending on the specificenvironment). Injection of hotter, more primitive magma causespartial dissolution (incongruent melting) of the mush-zone phases,which are not in equilibrium with the primitive melt, and mixingof the reaction products with the primitive magma. Localizedrapid crystallization of high-Fo olivines from the primitivemagma may lead to entrapment of numerous large melt inclusions,which record the DRM processes in progress. In some magmaticsuites melt inclusions in primitive phenocrysts may be naturallybiased towards the anomalous compositions. The occurrence ofmelt inclusions with unusual compositions does not necessarilyimply the existence of new geologically significant magma typesand/or melt-generation processes, and caution should be exercisedin their interpretation. KEY WORDS: melt inclusions; olivine; geochemistry; mush zones; MORB; subduction-related magmas     

An experimental study on semi-brittle and plastic rheology of Panzhihua gabbro

Rheological properties of the crust and upper mantle are essential data that are needed in modelling the mechanical behaviour of the shallow part of the earth. The importance of such data has been seen in discussions about the strength profile of continen…     

Cotectic Proportions of Olivine and Spinel in Olivine-Tholeiitic Basalt and Evaluation of Pre-Eruptive Processes

The volume %, distribution, texture and composition of coexistingolivine, Cr-spinel and glass has been determined in quenchedlava samples from Hawaii, Iceland and mid-oceanic ridges. Thevolume ratio of olivine to spinel varies from 60 to 2800 andsamples with >0·02% spinel have a volume ratio ofolivine to spinel of approximately 100. A plot of wt % MgO vsppm Cr for natural and experimental basaltic glasses suggeststhat the general trend of the glasses can be explained by thecrystallization of a cotectic ratio of olivine to spinel ofabout 100. One group of samples has an olivine to spinel ratioof approximately 100, with skeletal olivine phenocrysts andsmall (<50 µm) spinel crystals that tend to be spatiallyassociated with the olivine phenocrysts. The large number ofspinel crystals included within olivine phenocrysts is thoughtto be due to skeletal olivine phenocrysts coming into physicalcontact with spinel by synneusis during the chaotic conditionsof ascent and extrusion. A second group of samples tend to havelarge olivine phenocrysts relatively free of included spinel,a few large (>100 µm) spinel crystals that show evidenceof two stages of growth, and a volume ratio of olivine to spinelof 100 to well over 1000. The olivine and spinel in this grouphave crystallized more slowly with little physical interaction,and show evidence that they have accumulated in a magma chamber. KEY WORDS: olivine; spinel; basalt glass; volume %; cotectic