太湖五里湖水体悬浮物中水溶性有机质(WSOM)的荧光光谱组分鉴别及其与氮形态的关系

采用三维荧光光谱-平行因子法(EEMs-PARAFAC)分析太湖五里湖水体悬浮物中水溶性有机质(WSOM)的荧光光谱特征,研究其组分类型、分布规律以及来源,进一步探讨悬浮物中水溶性有机氮和无机氮含量与WSOM荧光组分之间的关系.结果表明,悬浮物中WSOM荧光组分主要由2个类腐殖质(C1、C2)和1个类色氨酸类蛋白质(C3)组成.总荧光强度在57.56~200.01 R.U./g之间,平均为115.42 R.U./g,其中C1、C2、C3的相对比例分别为35.55%、34.05%和30.40%;空间上由西向东逐渐增强,东五里湖高于西五里湖,沿岸区高于湖心区.荧光指数和生物源指数变化范围分别在1.48~2.34和0.65~0.87之间,反映了悬浮物中WSOM主要来源于微生物、藻类的自生生物源.多元回归统计分析结果表明,悬浮物WSOM与氮元素的迁移转化密切相关,且有机氮与WSOM荧光组分的相关系数大于无机氮.     

Water chemistry and water quality variation in the Danjiangkou Reservoir, as a function of water management for the Middle Route of South to North Water Divert Project, China

As the diversion dike of the Middle Route of the South to North Water Transfer Project （MRSNWTP）, the water quality and water quantity of Danjiangkou Reservoir is critical to the project. At present, the rates of industrial wastewater treatment and sewage discharge, which belongs to Chinese State Standard in the districts near the reservoir except Shiyan city, are less than 60% and 40% respectively. The point source pollutants will be controlled because of the project after some time, but the non-point source pollutants caused by vegetation degradation and water-soil erosion will not be controlled effectively in a long time. Water samples were collected from the Danjiangkou Reservoir during 2004 and 2005 and analyzed for trace metals, i.e., silver （Ag）, aluminum （Al）, arsenic （As）, barium （Ba）, bismuth （Bi）, calcium （Ca）, cadmium （Cd）, cobalt （Co）, chromium （Cr）, copper （Cu）, iron （Fe）, mercury （Hg）, potassium （K）, lithium （Li）, magnesium （Mg）, manganese （Mn）, molybdenum （Mo）, sodium （Na）, nickel （Ni）, lead （Pb）, antimony （Sb）, selenium （Se）, silicon （Si）, strontium （Sr）, vanadium （V）, zinc （Zn）, chemicophysical parameters and nutrients, i.e., temperature （T）, pH, dissolved oxygen （DO）, turbidity, total suspended solid （TSS）, nitrate/ammonia/ammonium-nitrogen （NO3^-/NH3/NH4^＋-N）, total nitrogen （TN）, dissolved inorganic nitrogen （DIN）, total phosphorus （TP）, potassium permanganate index （IMn）, biochemical oxygen demand （BOD）, dissolved inorganic carbon （HCO3^-）. Our results are water quality belongs to Chinese standard level II, trace metals are low, but they are accumulating, and many of which, i.e., As, Pb, will endanger reservoir water security.     

江南钨矿带桂林郑富钼白钨矿稀土元素的富集机制及其地质意义

桂林郑钼钨多金属矿床位于江南钨矿带北部,其矿石矿物以富钼白钨矿为主。研究显示,该矿床富钼白钨矿中富集稀土元素。为探究其富集机制,文章对不同世代的富钼白钨矿进行原位LA-ICP-MS微量分析和面扫描分析。结果显示,富钼白钨矿的总稀土元素含量（∑REE）在28.59×10^-6~4863.82×10^-6之间,均值为789.21×10^-6（n=122）,从第一世代（Sch-Ⅰ）28.59×10^-6~1059.18×10^-6（平均值为203.19×10^-6,n=55）→第二世代（Sch-Ⅱ）533.54×10^-6~2536.51×10^-6（平均值=928.79×10^-6,n=30）→第三世代（Sch-Ⅲ）117.21×10^-6~4863.82×10^-6（平均值=1547.13×10^-6;n=37）逐渐增高。从Sch-Ⅰ→Sch-Ⅱ→Sch-Ⅲ,轻重稀土元素比值（LREE/HREE）13.99~143.90（平均值=53.53）→22.38~70.08（平均值=33.74）→7.44~69.86（平均值=27.54）逐渐降低。桂林郑富钼白钨矿形成于高氧逸度、富F的岩浆热液系统,REE主要以Ca²⁺+Mo⁶⁺=REE³⁺+(1-x) Mo⁵⁺+xNb⁵⁺(0≤x≤1）为主导方式进入富钼白钨矿中。成矿流体中Cl降低、F增高、氧逸度降低等是REE进入富钼白钨矿的有利条件。通过对江南钨矿带代表性矽卡岩型矿床综合对比分析显示,富钼白钨矿床相比贫钼白钨矿床具有更高的REE,说明桂林郑矿床富钼白钨矿在后续开采中具有稀土元素的综合利用前景。     

Modeling long term lake variations by physically based stochastic dynamic models

Several physically based stochastic dynamic models (SDM) are described including year-to-year variations of water volume in terminal and non-terminal lakes, streamflow of lake-fed rivers, and salinity of an inland sea (the Sea of Azov). All of these models are based upon the SDM of water volume of terminal lakes developed by Kritzky and Menkel in 1946 in co-operation with Kolomogorov. Explicit formulae are derived for second order statistical moments of the output processes, including variance, correlation function, spectra, etc., under the assumption that the forcing functions from stationary random sequences. The least-squares prediction problem is solved for both stationary and non-stationary cases. Some of the processes are shown to possess high statistical predictability. Actual predictions are compared with independent observations. Problems for further study are stated.     

长春市深部地下水赋存规律之我见

长春市北西或北北西向扭性断裂或断裂带是客观存在，它对长春市深部地下水循环与循存起控制作用，是深部基岩裂隙水的主要导水通道，且大都为富水带。原北东向压扭性断裂或断裂带起阻水作用，二者相得益彰。笔者于长春北郊贫水区，利用这一新理论，在水文地质调查基础上，结合多种水文物探手段布孔凿井，打出一口水量丰富的优质矿泉水井，进而验证了北西向富水说，了箕市深部地下水赋存规律的新认识，此说不但对长春市供水有实际意义     

THE STUDY OF RETRIEVAL THEORY AND METHODS FROM SATELLITE REMOTE SENSING FOR METEOROLOGICAL PARAMETERS OVER EASTERN ASIA—PART Ⅱ:ISPRM AND VSPRM2

Based on the practice of improved simultaneous physical retrieval model(ISPRM),in the lightof the functional analysis approach,the variational simultaneous physical retrieval model(VSPRM)has been developed.Its approximation of 1st degree is VSPRM1,which is identicalwith the ISPRM.Its approximation of 2nd degree is VSPRM2,more advanced than the VSPRM1.This paper has analyzed the function of VSPRM2,pointing out the potentiality of synergy retrievalof this model.Also,it has dealt with the problem of parameterization of water vapor's kernelfunctions and retrieval of water vapor remote sensing.Because of the characteristics of this strong ill posed inverse problem,prior information mustbe used wisely in order to get the accurate calculation of radiance R.In the previous paper,wediscussed how to build the best first guess field,the way to determine the P_s and to correct thecalculation of radiance.In this paper,we continue discussing in depth about the calculation oftransmittance,the determination of surface parameters and the selection for an optimumcombination of channels for the low-level sounding.The long-term experiment and comparison work under operational environment have shownthat the ISPRM is useful for retrieval of temperature and water vapor parameters over Chinaincluding the Tibetan Plateau,and it further proves the scientific nature of well-posed inversetheory.     

Rapid change in early Holocene environments inferred from Lake Pupuke,Auckland City,New Zealand

Sediment cores from Lake Pupuke in Auckland City, New Zealand, contain a high‐resolution millennial to centennial‐scale record of changing climate and catchment hydrology spanning the past ca. 10 000 years. Here, we focus on the period between 9500 ± 25 and 7000 ± 155 cal. yr BP during which grain size, diatom palaeoecology, biogenic silica concentrations, sediment elemental and carbon isotope geochemistry reflect changes in sediment sources and lake conditions, with a significant event commencing at ca. 8240 cal. yr BP, commensurate with a lowering of lake level, faster erosion rates and increased sediment influx with a duration of ca. 360 yrs. However, the changes in the lake are not reflected in the terrestrial vegetation, where the pollen record indicates that podocarp forest dominated the Auckland region, with apparent environmental stability during this part of the early Holocene. The synchronous change in most of the proxies between ca. 8240 and 7880 cal. yr BP at Lake Pupuke indicates the presence of a sustained episode of relatively low lake level and concomitant increased rate of erosion in the early Holocene that appears to be at least partly coeval with the 8200 cal. yr BP meltwater event proposed for the North Atlantic region. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Piešt'any–thermal H2S water and mud

 Slovakia has very rich sources of mineral and thermal waters. One of the warmest is located in Piešt'any. Its discharge rate is 40 l/s; it is Ca-Mg-SO₄-HCO₃-Cl type with T.D.S. 1.4 g/l, H₂S 10 mg/l and temperature 68  °C. The waters seep on the spa island, which lies between the river Váh and its branch. The characteristics of the water and mud predestine the existence of this great spa in Slovakia. Its reputation is based on the treatment of rheumatic and neurological disesases. Received: 15 November 1996 · Accepted: 13 January 1998     

Prediction of overland flow and seepage zones associated with the interaction of multiple infiltration devices (cascading infiltration devices)

Infiltration devices are traditionally evaluated as standalone entities that do not interact with each other. A model is outlined that will allow interactions between proposed infiltration devices to be predicted prior to a development commencing. The model allows prediction of seepage into downslope devices and the assessment of the locations where the combined ground‐water mound will reach the surface and result in overland flow. The volume of overland flow discharged by the seepage zone may exceed the overland and piped flow received by the infiltration devices. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.