长江三角洲地区晚更新世地层中的古土壤特征

通过对长江三角洲两翼第四纪地层中第一层暗绿色硬粘土的剖面描述和微观分析、作者认为该硬粘土层是一古土壤层。本文根据种种观察和分析资料,探讨该粘土层的古土壤特征。     

晚上新世以来菲律宾海盆XT4孔黏土矿物特征及其古环境意义

菲律宾海是典型风尘汇聚区,菲律宾海远离吕宋岛的深海沉积物是重建构造尺度亚洲风尘演化历史的良好载体。选取菲律宾海盆XT4孔沉积物开展了黏土矿物研究,并结合前人研究成果,在明确该孔黏土矿物来源的基础上,探讨了晚上新世以来亚洲风尘的演化历史及其可能的影响机制。菲律宾海盆XT4孔黏土矿物以伊利石为主,平均含量为39%,蒙脱石含量次之,平均为28%,绿泥石平均含量为18%,高岭石平均含量为15%。XT4孔黏土矿物组成符合亚洲大陆风尘与周边火山岛弧的二端元混合模型特征,其中蒙脱石主要为周边火山岛弧物质贡献,而伊利石、绿泥石和高岭石主要是亚洲风尘贡献。晚上新世以来XT4孔的伊利石/蒙脱石比值表现为阶段性变化,主要反映了北半球高纬冰川的扩张导致亚洲中纬度地区干旱化加剧。此外,东亚夏季风降雨强弱和空间分布的变化也是源区风尘释放的重要环境因子之一。本文结果初步揭示了晚上新世以来中国干旱-半干旱地区的环境演化历程,有助于深入理解多圈层相互作用下的风尘循环及其生物地球化学效应。     

裂土裂隙演化过程试验研究

裂土的裂隙是影响其工程性质的重要因素。为研究土体裂隙在外界环境变化条件下的演化过程,设计了一套精确控制湿度的试验装置,再现了裂土在脱湿情况下裂隙产生、传播、扩展的过程。对试验结果进行了理论分析,总结了试验中裂土裂隙出现、传播、扩展的规律。研究结果有助于加深对土体裂隙变化物理过程的认识,为处理工程问题提供思路。     

Leachate studies on fly ash-stabilised expansive clay liners

This paper presents leachate studies on fly ash-stabilised expansive clay liners. Fly ash in different contents (0%, 10%, 20% and 30%) by dry weight of the expansive clay was added to the clay, and the ash-clay blend was compacted as a liner overlying a compacted lateritic clay layer. Deionised water (DIW) and calcium chloride (CaCl₂) solutions of varying concentration (5 mM, 10 mM, 20 mM, 50 mM, 100 mM and 500 mM) were used as the permeating fluids in the leachate studies. Chemical analysis of the leachate was performed. For a given CaCl₂ concentration, the concentrations of both calcium ion and chloride ion in the leachate decreased up to a fly ash content of 20%, and thereafter they increased when the fly ash content was increased to 30%. Further, for a given fly ash content, concentrations of calcium ion and chloride ion increased with increasing CaCl₂ concentration.     

Estimation of Uplift Capacity of Rapidly Loaded Plate Anchors in Soft Clay

Plate anchors are extensively used in civil engineering constructions as they provide an economical alternative to gravity and other embedded anchors. The rate of loading is one of the important factors that affects the magnitude of soil resistance as well as soil suction force. This article outlines the effect of pullout rate on uplift behavior of plate anchors (70 mm diameter) buried in soft saturated clay by varying the pullout rate from 1.4 mm/min to 21.0 mm/min. The variation of breakout force and suction force with embedment depth and rate of pull are presented. A correlation between the rate of increase of undrained strength of clay and anchor capacity with rate of strain has been established. Finally an empirical equation has been proposed that includes the rate of pull in the estimation of breakout capacity of anchors.     

Inverse Analysis of Deep Excavation Using Differential Evolution Algorithm

This paper presents the applications of the differential evolution (DE) algorithm in back analysis of soil parameters for deep excavation problems. A computer code, named Python‐based DE, is developed and incorporated into the commercial finite element software ABAQUS, with a parallel computing technique to run an FE analysis for all trail vectors of one generation in DE in multiple cores of a cluster, which dramatically reduces the computational time. A synthetic case and a well‐instrumented real case, that is, the Taipei National Enterprise Center (TNEC) project, are used to demonstrate the capability of the proposed back‐analysis procedure. Results show that multiple soil parameters are well identified by back analysis using a DE optimization algorithm for highly nonlinear problems. For the synthetic excavation case, the back‐analyzed parameters are basically identical to the input parameters that are used to generate synthetic response of wall deflection. For the TNEC case with a total of nine parameters to be back analyzed, the relative errors of wall deflection for the last three stages are 2.2, 1.1, and 1.0%, respectively. Robustness of the back‐estimated parameters is further illustrated by a forward prediction. The wall deflection in the subsequent stages can be satisfactorily predicted using the back‐analyzed soil parameters at early stages. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effects of scour-hole dimensions and soil stress history on the behavior of laterally loaded piles in soft clay under scour conditions

Bridge pile foundations in the midst of water current are often subjected to scour, which induces the loss of soil support around the piles and thus results in a significant decrease of foundation capacities or even the failure of bridges. In the current practice, when the scour-affected behavior of the pile foundations is analyzed, either the whole scour-hole geometry or the possible changes in the stress history of the remaining soils is often ignored. In reality, however, scouring creates scour holes with certain dimensions around the pile foundations and the remaining soils that are not scoured away undergo an unloading process at the same time, which will increase the over-consolidation ratios of the remaining soils and accordingly changes of their mechanical properties. This paper examines the behavior of laterally loaded piles in soft clay under scour conditions by using the p-y method. The conventional p-y curves have been modified appropriately to reasonably reflect the effects of three-dimensional scour-hole geometry as well as the stress history of the soils, with the aid of integration of Mindlin’s fundamental solutions. A field test is used to serve as a reference case and to investigate the effects of stress history, scour depth, scour width, and scour-hole slope angle on the responses of laterally loaded piles in soft clay. The results indicate that neglecting the stress history effect can be unconservative for scour-affected pile foundations in soft clay, whereas neglect of the scour-hole dimensions and geometry would lead to over-conservative predictions/design of the laterally loaded piles under scour condition.     

地铁列车循环荷载试验论证研究

地铁循环荷载作用下饱和软黏土的动力特性研究对于揭示软黏土在地铁荷载下的孔压、强度以及变形模式具有重要意义,可以为控制地铁长期沉降、降低运营风险提供理论依据。试验加载形式的不同会带来不同的动力特性表征,需选取最能反映地铁列车真实性质的荷载形式。本文在列车荷载作用下研究土动力特性,采用室内动三轴试验的方法,对比分析不同形式下动力荷载作用效果。试验研究表明:偏压正弦波可以作为简化波形研究列车荷载,它不仅可以确保加载过程中地基土只有压应力,而且能较好地模拟列车循环荷载。     

Axial friction response of full-scale pipes in soft clays

The axial friction response of subsea pipelines in soft clays is a very important aspect for designers of subsea pipelines but the response is not well understood so far. There is a pressing need for the comprehension of the response. In this paper, model tests are performed using full-scale pipes coated with polyethylene (PE) to study the effects of the set-up period, the pipe diameter, the buried depth of the pipe, the shear strength of soft clays and the loading rate on the axial friction response of pipelines in soft clays. The variations of the axial friction coefficient are analyzed using the effective stress method based on model test results. The results show that the axial friction resistance increases with the increasing pipe diameter but the effect of the pipe diameter on the axial friction coefficient can be neglected. The ultimate axial resistance also increases with the increase of the buried depth of pipelines, the undrained shear strength of soft clays and the loading rate. The axial friction coefficient increases with the increasing loading rate. However, the axial friction coefficient decreases with the increasing buried depth. The method to determine the axial friction coefficient is developed by analyzing model test results, which considers the effects of the diameter, the buried depth, the undrained shear strength of soft clays and the loading rate. The study results not only extend the industry data base but also supply a basis to determine the axial friction coefficient of PE-coated pipes in soft clays for ocean engineering geological investigations.     

坡缕石粘土固定辣根过氧化酶处理硝基酚废水

以坡缕石粘土、淀粉、水玻璃为原料,研究了固定化酶载体的制备工艺,探究了固定化酶载体在辣根过氧化酶(HRP)降解硝基酚废水中的作用,并探讨了反应时间、酶浓度、H2O2及硝基酚浓度对降解效果的影响。结果表明,固定化酶载体的最佳制备工艺为:水玻璃12%,淀粉20%,煅烧温度550℃,煅烧时间2 h;固定化酶对硝基酚的去除效果明显高于原酶;固定化酶去除水中硝基酚的最佳反应条件为:反应时间1.5 h,加酶量150 U,H2O2浓度0.12%,硝基酚浓度100 mg/L;固定化酶重复使用7次后对硝基酚的去除率仍高于60%。