Re‐establishment of soil water repellency after destruction by intense burning in a Mediterranean heathland (SW Spain)

Soil water repellency has been conventionally considered as a fire‐induced effect, but an increasing number of studies have suggested that natural background repellency occurs in many soil types, and many of them have suggested that water repellency can be re‐established over time after being destroyed. An experimental fire was conducted to study changes of the soil surface during the first 18 months following intense burning. The main objectives of this paper are as follows: (1) to investigate in situ water repellency changes at three soil depths (0, 2 and 4 cm) immediately after burning; (2) to evaluate the medium‐term evolution of water repellency under field conditions; and (3) to outline the main hydrological consequences of these changes. Also, different water repellency tests (water drop penetration time, ethanol percentage test (EPT) and contact angle (CA) between water drops and the soil surface) were carried out for comparison purposes. Field experiments showed that soil water repellency was partly destroyed after intense burning. Changes were relatively strong at the soil surface, but diminished progressively with depth. Levels of water repellency were practically re‐established 18 months after burning. This suggests that water repellency in the studied area is not necessarily a consequence of fire, but can instead be a natural attribute. Finally, although limited in time, destruction of soil water repellency has important consequences for runoff flow generation and soil loss rates, and, indirectly, for water quality. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Offset dependent amplitudes: Fault curvature effects and dip move-out corrections

Equations have been presented previously which predict that reflector curvature can affect significantly seismic reflection amplitudes at both zero and nonzero source-receiver offsets. Here the fact that faults are generally concave-upward is used to examine the curvature effect for compaction-driven faults which the sediments have both exponential and logarithmic porosity decreases with increasing depth.The curvature effect is generally larger over upwardly concave reflectors where amplitudes can either increase with offset (exposed focus) or decrease with offset (buried focus). The magnitude of the effect depends on the ratio between the depth to the structure and the radius of curvature of the structure. A phase change of 90° also occurs at a critical offset in the case of an exposed focus concave-upward reflector, with decreasing amplitude at offsets larger than the critical value. Dip move-out (DMO) dominantly removes the amplitude variation with offset due to curvature. These results suggest that when looking for amplitude variations with offset in a fault prospect, DMO should be applied as a preprocessing step. Compaction-driven faults have an exposed focus and, for an exponential variation of porosity with depth, there is a maximum curvature effect at a depth roughly the same as the scaling depth for the porosity. Logarithmic porosity with depth variations suggest a continued increase in the curvature effect of faults with increasing depth, to a maximum amplitude increase of about 35% relative to a plane interface.     

立柱直径比对四立柱平台涡激运动性能影响的数值研究

与单立柱平台(Spar)类似,四立柱平台在洋流作用下也容易发生涡激运动,对锚泊和立管系统的疲劳寿命产生不利影响。一种非对称半潜式平台具有两种不同尺寸的立柱,立柱直径比对非对称平台涡激运动性能的影响尚需深入研究。采用计算流体力学(CFD)方法,对直径比分别为1.0、1.5和2.0的立柱组合在两种不同角度水流作用下的运动响应进行了二维数值模拟,分析发现:立柱直径比不为1时四立柱平台也具有明显的涡激运动,其横荡运动具有显著的锁定现象;在广义折合速度定义下,与相同直径的四立柱平台相比,立柱直径比不为1时其横荡运动锁定区间变宽且滞后,横荡响应幅值的峰值具有明显差异;在所研究的直径比范围内,大直径立柱在上游时涡激运动响应比其在下游时更显著,且这种差异随着直径比变大而变大。     

解耦爆炸中震源位置偏离对激发S波的影响

对球形空腔偏心解耦爆炸进行了数值模拟,得到了不同方向和不同爆心距节点的S波和P波速度曲线以及岩石单元中拉伸应力的传播过程。结果表明：空腔偏心解耦爆炸激发的S波具有方向性,S波幅值与对应P波幅值相当,激发S波的物理机制是振荡的拉伸应力,它等效于偶极子震源。     

Analysis and classification of hyperspectral data for mapping land degradation: An application in southern Spain

Desertification is a severe stage of land degradation, manifested by “desert-like” conditions in dryland areas. Climatic conditions together with geomorphologic processes help to mould desert-like soil surface features in arid zones. The identification of these soil features serves as a useful input for understanding the desertification process and land degradation as a whole. In the present study, imaging spectrometer data were used to detect and map desert-like surface features. Absorption feature parameters in the spectral region between 0.4 and 2.5 μm wavelengths were analysed and correlated with soil properties, such as soil colour, soil salinity, gypsum content, etc. Soil groupings were made based on their similarities and their spectral reflectance curves were studied. Distinct differences in the reflectance curves throughout the spectrum were exhibited between groups. Although the samples belonging to the same group shared common properties, the curves still showed differences within the same group.Characteristic reflectance curves of soil surface features were derived from spectral measurements both in the field and in the laboratory, and mean reflectance values derived from image pixels representing known features. Linear unmixing and spectral angle matching techniques were applied to assess their suitability in mapping surface features for land degradation studies. The study showed that linear unmixing provided more realistic results for mapping “desert-like” surface features than the spectral angle matching technique.     

Parameters affecting maximum fluid transport in large aperture fractures

We present results of laboratory experiments to study the behavior of liquids moving in unsaturated wide-aperture fractures. A 5-mm-thick glass plate cut with a 1.7-mm aperture was used as a fractured rock analog to study behavior of film and capillary droplet flow modes. Flow rates ranged between 0.6 and 6.0 ml/min. Variability in the ambient barometric pressure, resulting from weather conditions, seemed to play a role in the natural selection of flow mode. For droplet mode, constant input conditions resulted in highly variable transport properties within the fracture. The advancing meniscus exhibited a dynamic contact angle that was a function of the droplet speed and much larger than the static contact angle. Flow rate was reduced due to the larger contact angle. Analytical expressions for droplet velocity and flow capacity are presented as a function of the dynamic rather than the static contact angle.     

船舶监控系统中航迹线动态绘制算法应用研究

在船舶监控系统中应用3S技术,实现了船只航迹线的动态绘制,系统能够根据船只航行方向动态显示航行轨迹,程序开发过程中涉及到偏转角度算法和距离插值两个核心算法。实践表明,这两个算法的合理应用,在航迹线可视化表现方面取得了良好的效果。     

灌溉后的黄土剪切特征变化

在中国甘肃省的黑方台阶地上从上世纪60年代开始出现人类定居和开垦活动,并自1968年发展为灌溉农业。随着灌溉的进行地面已出现沉陷和滑坡。地表沉陷是由灌溉水的充填引起黄土结构崩塌造成的。然而崩塌和湿润化对剪切特征的影响目前还不清楚。为了研究湿化后的黄土剪切特征的变化,进行了对马兰黄土未经扰动和重塑土样的直接剪切盒测试。结果显示未扰动土样的粘合力和内摩擦角在湿润化后都下降了,而所观察到的重塑土的弹度参数只有少许变化。未扰动土的不饱合粘合力,据认为其受胶结物质的影响,在饱合后消失了。经灌溉的土的不饱合强度参数与未灌溉土相比表现出差异,它们可能受土壤水分的强烈影响。     

侧向侵蚀相关的走滑断裂滑动速率计算新方法

断层滑动速率是活动构造研究中的重要内容,是反映断裂活动性和地震危险性的重要参数之一。随着测年技术不断发展和测年精度大幅度提高,全新世甚至千年尺度和百年尺度的年轻地质体的位错也越来越多地被用于断层滑动速率计算。用走滑断裂带上地质体实测年龄计算滑动速率,会受到2种因素影响:1)累积位移时间是否与所测地质体年代相符合;2)地质体位移形成过程中会受到侵蚀。在利用全新世地质体计算断层滑动速率时,应将侧向侵蚀的影响剔除。因此,文中提出1种计算走滑断层滑动速率的新方法——差值法。走滑断层上河流阶地演化与断层位错分析表明,在阶地拔河高度存在较大差异的情况下,可以利用阶地拔河高度与年龄按比例进行计算。此方法在一定程度上提高了所计算滑动速率的精度,但是需要至少有3级不同阶地的拔河高度、年龄以及位错信息。若阶地拔河高度近似呈等差排列,即各级阶地上侧向侵蚀量近似相等的情况下,利用高-低阶地累积位错量之差与对应阶地年龄差来计算滑动速率,可以在一定程度上减少上述2种因素对滑动速率的影响。应用差值法计算得到阿尔金与昆仑断裂的滑动速率为4.7~8.8mm/a,与前人获得的地质学滑动速率、测地学滑动速率、缩短速率以及强震复发周期结果一致。     

宽观测带SAR图像入射角效应量化研究与校正

针对宽观测带SAR图像,在对入射角效应量化研究的基础上,提出了一种入射角效应按类校正方法。利用分水岭分割和区域标记技术实现地物取样,基于结合线性回归估计的余弦朗伯定律,实现对地物后向散射值的按类辐射校正。针对Envisat ASAR C波段HH极化数据的实验结果表明,入射角效应对雷达后向散射有明显的影响,含水量越高的地物类型,入射角效应越明显。利用本文方法进行入射角效应校正的效果优于绝对定标和一阶余弦校正的效果。