极限平衡方法在夏日哈木镍钴矿山拟建露天采场边坡角优化中的应用

夏日哈木镍钴矿为大型镍钴硫化物矿床,现拟建大型露天采场,边坡采用分台阶式高边坡,最高边坡高度超过600m。该工程具有开挖成本高,边坡一但失稳后果严重的特点。为此需要选择一个即节约经济成本又保障整体边坡稳定的最佳边坡角。本文采取Geostudio软件中的Slope模块极限平衡方法对拟建露天采场假设开挖边坡角的整体边坡稳定性进行分析,提出最佳设计边坡角。　本次边坡角优化的思路：首先根据场地工程地质条件和拟建边坡的高度等因素将拟建边坡划分为5个区,选择典型边坡工程地质剖面并进行工程地质岩体分段,然后通过岩石强度指标折减计算（本文采用费辛柯法、M.Georgi法和经验法）给各分段的岩体赋予凝聚力、内摩擦角等计算参数,采用极限平衡方法（Geostudio软件中的Slope模块法）对不同角度下对各分区边坡的破坏形式及安全系数进行计算,最后提出了各分区边坡的最佳设计边坡角。     

多卫星系统融合精密单点定位性能分析

随着全球四大卫星导航系统格局的成型,卫星定位系统已从单系统模式发展为如今多系统、多频率融合定位、交互操作的模式。在分析多系统精密单点定位模型及各误差项处理策略的基础上,利用RTKLIB进行GPS,GLONASS,GALILEO,BDS多系统融合精密单点定位试验,并分析其动/静态定位性能。实验结果表明:在单系统空间几何构型较差的情况下,多系统融合精密单点定位较单GPS定位精度可提高20%~40%,收敛时间可缩短35%~50%;在截止高度角超过40°的情况下,单系统会因可见卫星数量不足而无法完成连续定位,而多系统仍能实现高精度的连续定位。这在城区、山区或卫星遮蔽较严重的不利环境中有重要的利用价值。     

Effect of NOAA satellite orbital drift on AVHRR-derived phenological metrics

The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center routinely produces and distributes a remote sensing phenology (RSP) dataset derived from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) 1-km data compiled from a series of National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) satellites (NOAA-11, −14, −16, −17, −18, and −19). Each NOAA satellite experienced orbital drift during its duty period, which influenced the AVHRR reflectance measurements. To understand the effect of the orbital drift on the AVHRR-derived RSP dataset, we analyzed the impact of solar zenith angle (SZA) on the RSP metrics in the conterminous United States (CONUS). The AVHRR weekly composites were used to calculate the growing-season median SZA at the pixel level for each year from 1989 to 2014. The results showed that the SZA increased towards the end of each NOAA satellite mission with the highest increasing rate occurring during NOAA-11 (1989–1994) and NOAA-14 (1995–2000) missions. The growing-season median SZA values (44°–60°) in 1992, 1993, 1994, 1999, and 2000 were substantially higher than those in other years (28°–40°). The high SZA in those years caused negative trends in the SZA time series, that were statistically significant (at α = 0.05 level) in 76.9% of the CONUS area. A pixel-based temporal correlation analysis showed that the phenological metrics and SZA were significantly correlated (at α = 0.05 level) in 4.1–20.4% of the CONUS area. After excluding the 5 years with high SZA (>40°) from the analysis, the temporal SZA trend was largely reduced, significantly affecting less than 2% of the study area. Additionally, significant correlation between the phenological metrics and SZA was observed in less than 7% of the study area. Our study concluded that the NOAA satellite orbital drift increased SZA, and in turn, influenced the phenological metrics. Elimination of the years with high median SZA reduced the influence of orbital drift on the RSP time series.     

偏航姿态对北斗精密单点定位的影响分析

当太阳相对于卫星轨道面的高度角较小时,北斗导航卫星将不会跟踪太阳位置,卫星姿态发生异常复杂的变化后一段时间内处于零偏模式。在此期间采用名义姿态将影响卫星天线相位中心偏差、相位缠绕等误差计算,进而使精密单点定位(PPP)参数估计和天顶对流层延迟估计出现偏差。研究表明,在北斗导航卫星处于零偏期间,采用名义姿态计算的相位缠绕、天线相位中心偏差中存在超过15cm的误差。在此期间的北斗卫星采用零偏姿态改正相位缠绕等误差,与采用名义姿态相比,动态PPP位置参数N、E、U的估计精度可以提高53.2%、54.2%、39.3%,静态PPP位置参数N、E、U的估计精度可以提高61.0%、72.3%、58.4%,天顶对流层延迟估计精度提高33.0%。     

距离与角度控制的矢量面数据接边检查方法

针对现有接边方法依赖于直线型接边线,难以有效的支持非直线型接边线的数据接边质量检验的问题,提出了一种新的基于距离与角度控制的矢量面数据接边检查方法。该方法利用矢量面到接边线的距离值与弧段转角角度值作为参考量检测接边特征点,通过匹配接边特征点的方式检测接边错误位置,不依赖于接边线的具体形态,能够适用于任意类型接边线的矢量面数据接边检查。以第一次全国地理国情普查数据接边检验为实例进行验证,结果表明,该方法的漏检率为0%,准确率达到95%以上,有效地提升了接边线非直线的矢量面数据接边质量检验的准确性及效率。     

断裂静止期有无输导油气能力的判别方法

通过断裂内部结构及输导通道特征研究,得到断裂静止期输导油气通道主要是碎裂岩的连通孔隙,其是否具有输导油气能力主要取决于碎裂岩颗粒粒度、泥质含量和断裂倾角大小。在此基础上,利用物理模拟实验模拟了油气在浮力作用下沿断裂碎裂岩运移速度与碎裂岩颗粒粒度、泥质含量和断裂倾角之间的关系。利用此关系建立了一套断裂静止期有无输导油气能力的判别方法,即运移速度大于零,断裂具输导油气能力,反之则无。并将其应用于海拉尔盆地苏仁诺尔断裂静止期在各组地层中有无输导油气能力的判别中,其结果与地下油气分布情况相符,表明该方法定量判别断裂静止期有无输导油气能力是可行的。     

Radiation balance and the response of albedo to environmental factors above two alpine ecosystems in the eastern Tibetan Plateau

Understanding the energy balance on the Tibetan Plateau is important for better prediction of global climate change. To characterize the energy balance on the Plateau, we examined the radiation balance and the response of albedo to environmental factors above an alpine meadow and an alpine wetland surfaces in the eastern Tibetan Plateau, using 2014 data. Although our two sites belong to the same climatic background, and are close geographically, the annual incident solar radiation at the alpine meadow site(6,447 MJ/(m2·a)) was about 1.1 times that at the alpine wetland site(6,012 MJ/(m2·a)),due to differences in the cloudiness between our two sites. The alpine meadow and the alpine wetland emitted about 38%and 42%, respectively, of annual incident solar radiation back into atmosphere in the form of net longwave radiation; and they reflected about 22% and 18%, respectively, of the annual incident solar radiation back into atmosphere in the form of shortwave radiation. The annual net radiation was 2,648 and 2,544 MJ/(m2·a) for the alpine meadow site and the alpine wetland site, respectively, accounting for only about 40% of the annual incident solar radiation, significantly lower than the global mean. At 30-min scales, surface albedo exponentially decreases with the increase of the solar elevation angle; and it linearly decreases with the increase of soil-water content for our two sites. But those relationships are significantly influenced by cloudiness and are site-specific.     

同生断层及其伴生褶曲的组合式样

石油钻探遇断层而失败的情形时有发生,其中多数是由于对同生断层及其伴生褶曲认识的错误所引起。为减少勘探失误,本文讨论了同生断层及其伴生褶曲空间组合的一些规律。（1）同生断层可分为盆地边界同生断层和内部同生断层两大类。边界同生断层的断面产状基本形态有勺形、椅形、阶形和坎形四种。（2）边界同生断层是追踪盆前的一组或两组基底断裂发育而成的。单向追踪的边界同生断层平面伸展较平直;双向追踪的边界同生断层平面伸展呈锯齿形。（3）内部同生断层及其伴生褶曲在剖面上的组合式样有正牵引和同向y字形派生断层、逆牵引和反向y字形派生断层。这两类四种形变可单一出现,也可在同一剖面中共存。（4）内部同生断层系的平面组合基本式样有帚状和雁列两种。构成地堑式的两条同生断层断距都较大时就会有挤压背斜出现（构成w形构造）。（5）中国东部裂谷系盆地中的所谓“滚动背斜”都不具备标准的“滚动”特征;它只产生在特定的层位上;对它与其称“滚动背斜”,不如称“逆牵引背斜”为宜。