Availability of soil and sediment phosphorus to a planktonic alga

Chlorophyll production by Chlorella vulgaris Beij. var. vulgaris was used to estimate alga‐available phosphorus in clays, soils, and lake sediments suspended in water at concentrations appropriate to lake inflows during floods (100–500 g/m³). Chlorella apparently used 24–81% of 0.5M H2SO4 extractable phosphorus in clays from topsoils, about 25% from lake sediments, and 0.3–1.0% from, subsoils low in phosphorus and with high phosphorus retention.

The presence of suspended soil material did not reduce the availability to Chlorella of inorganic phosphorus added to the cultures. Increasing the Chlorella population by adding inorganic phosphorus resulted in an apparent increase in availability of phosphorus from the soil, possibly as a result of enzymic mineralisation of organic soil phosphorus. The amount of available phosphorus in lake sediments was not a reliable guide to the trophic condition, of the lake.

Suspended material from sediments, soils, and especially clay eroded from fertilised topsoils may provide phosphorus for algal growth in lakes. If allophanic clays are applied to lakes to sorb phosphorus and hence control eutrophication, the particles must settle out before planktonic algae in the photic zone can use the adsorbed phosphorus.     

Oxygenation of shallow marine environments and chemical sedimentation in Palaeoproterozoic peritidal settings: Frere Formation,Western Australia

The Palaeoproterozoic Frere Formation (ca 1.89 Gyr old) of the Earaheedy Basin, Western Australia, is a ca 600 m thick succession of iron formation and fine‐grained, clastic sedimentary rocks that accumulated on an unrimmed continental margin with oceanic upwelling. Lithofacies stacking patterns suggest that deposition occurred during a marine transgression punctuated by higher frequency relative sea‐level fluctuations that produced five parasequences. Decametre‐scale parasequences are defined by flooding surfaces overlain by either laminated magnetite or magnetite‐bearing, hummocky cross‐stratified sandstone that grades upward into interbedded hematite‐rich mudstone and trough cross‐stratified granular iron formation. Each aggradational cycle is interpreted to record progradation of intertidal and tidal channel sediments over shallow subtidal and storm‐generated deposits of the middle shelf. The presence of aeolian deposits, mud cracks and absence of coarse clastics indicate deposition along an arid coastline with significant wind‐blown sediment input. Iron formation in the Frere Formation, in contrast to most other Palaeoproterozoic examples, was deposited almost exclusively in peritidal environments. These other continental margin iron formations also reflect upwelling of anoxic, Fe‐rich sea water, but accumulated in the full spectrum of shelf environments. Dilution by fine‐grained, windblown terrigenous clastic sediment probably prevented the Frere iron formation from forming in deeper settings. Lithofacies associations and interpreted paragenetic pathways of Fe‐rich lithofacies further suggest precipitation in sea water with a prominent oxygen chemocline. Although essentially unmetamorphosed, the complex diagenetic history of the Frere Formation demonstrates that understanding the alteration of iron formation is a prerequisite for any investigation seeking to interpret ocean‐atmosphere evolution. Unlike studies that focus exclusively on their chemistry, an approach that also considers palaeoenvironment and oceanography, as well the effects of post‐depositional fluid flow and alteration, mitigates the potential for incorrectly interpreting geochemical data.     

淋溶条件下石英砂柱中铁锰氧化物的形成特点

用不同浓度铁锰离子混合溶液对石英砂柱进行40次淋溶实验,研究砂柱中铁锰氧化物的形成状况.结果表明,淋出液中铁锰离子浓度与其pH值随着淋溶次数的增加呈现先降低后升高的趋势;各处理所形成的铁锰氧化物含量之间存在极显著差异,淋溶液中铁锰离子浓度越大,形成的铁锰氧化物含量越高,当淋溶液中铁锰摩尔浓度比即c(Fe2+)/c(Mn2+)为2∶1时最有利于铁锰氧化物的形成;随着淋溶次数的增加,铁锰氧化物含量的增长逐渐减慢;不同层次铁锰氧化物含量差异显著,下层(20～30 cm)含量明显高于其它层次;各阶段(每淋溶10次为一阶段)不同形态(非晶形态、晶形态)铁锰氧化物含量间的相关性存在差异,铁锰氧化物尤其是非晶形态的相对比例(Fe/Mn)随着淋溶次数的增加逐渐增大.     

二价锰盐还原KMnO4合成锰矿物及其影响因素研究

以二价锰盐还原KMnO4的方法合成锰矿物,运用X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电镜(SEM)等手段对矿物的结构进行表征,探讨合成体系中锰摩尔比R(Mn2+:Mn7+)(分别为1∶1、1∶2、1∶3、1∶4)、合成温度(分别为30℃、50℃、70℃、90℃、110℃)以及阴离子类型(分别为Cl-、SO42-、NO3-)等条件对锰矿物形成的影响.研究表明:随着R从1∶1到1∶4逐渐减小,形成的锰矿物由锰钾矿向水钠锰矿转变,锰氧化度也相应的增加;阴离子类型的不同会影响反应所得矿物的种类和结晶度;随着合成温度的升高,锰矿物的结晶度增大,锰氧化度略有升高.     

Early Cenozoic Tectonics of the Tibetan Plateau

Geological mapping at a scale of 1:250000 coupled with related researches in recent years reveal well Early Cenozoic paleo-tectonic evolution of the Tibetan Plateau. Marine deposits and foraminifera assemblages indicate that the Tethys-Himalaya Ocean and the Southwest Tarim Sea existed in the south and north of the Tibetan Plateau, respectively, in Paleocene-Eocene. The paleooceanic plate between the Indian continental plate and the Lhasa block had been as wide as 900km at beginning of the Cenozoic Era. Late Paleocene transgressions of the paleo-sea led to the formation of paleo-bays in the southern Lhasa block. Northward subduction of the Tethys-Himalaya Oceanic Plate caused magma emplacement and volcanic eruptions of the Linzizong Group in 64.5-44.3 Ma, which formed the Paleocene-Eocene Gangdise Magmatic Arc in the north of Yalung-Zangbu Suture (YZS), accompanied by intensive thrust in the Lhasa, Qiangtang, Hoh Xil and Kunlun blocks. The Paleocene-Eocene depression of basins reached to a depth of 3500-4800 m along major thrust faults and 680-850 m along the boundary normal faults in central Tibetan Plateau, and the Paleocene-Eocene depression of the Tarim and Qaidam basins without evident contractions were only as deep as 300-580 m and 600-830 m, respectively, far away from central Tibetan Plateau. Low elevation plains formed in the southern continental margin of the Tethy-Himalaya Ocean, the central Tibet and the Tarim basin in Paleocene-Early Eocene. The Tibetan Plateau and Himalaya Mts. mainly uplifted after the Indian-Eurasian continental collision in Early-Middle Eocene.     

贵州省松桃县道坨超大型锰矿床地质地球化学特征

本文报导了贵州省松桃县新发现的一个全隐伏的超大型锰矿床——道坨锰矿床的地质地球化学基本特征,为进一步开展科学研究奠定基础.矿床赋存在新元古代成冰系(南华系)大塘坡组底部的含锰碳质页岩中,主要由条带状、块状、气泡状菱锰矿矿石组成.主量元素特征为Al2O3、TiO2、Fe2O3含量较低,中等程度的P2O5富集,MnO、MgO含量相对较高,Fe/Mn比值低.微量元素特征为Rb、Nb和Pb亏损,Co、Zn、Sr、Mo相对富集.稀土元素总稀土含量高、中稀土轻微富集、Ce的正异常明显为特征.道坨锰矿含锰层位中黄铁矿的δ34S VCDT值异常高,并且变化范围小,所测试黄铁矿的δ34S-VCDT值介于56.2‰～63.3‰,平均60.8‰.新发现的道坨超大型锰矿床属于典型的大塘坡式锰矿床,其发现不仅为研究新元古代大规模成锰作用提供了新机遇,同时也为研究成冰系环境演化及其资源、生物效应提供了新契机.     

非洲锰矿床成因类型、地质特征及表生富集作用

[研究目的]非洲锰矿资源丰富,储量3.1亿t、资源量6.6亿t排名在世界上均列第一,加强非洲锰矿床的研究和认识对推动锰矿找矿工作具有重要的指导意义.[研究方法]通过对重要成矿带典型矿床的解剖总结了非洲锰矿床的成因类型、地质特征.[研究结果]非洲锰矿成因类型主要有前寒武系条带状铁建造(BIF)型、海相沉积型、陆相(三角洲...