被动陆缘洋陆转换带和岩石圈伸展破裂过程分析及其对南海陆缘深水盆地研究的启示

作为伸展陆壳和正常洋壳之间重要的过渡和衔接,洋陆转换带(ocean-continent transition,简写为OCT)蕴含有丰富的地壳岩石圈伸展破裂过程的信息。文中通过系统的资料调研,在总结OCT研究历史、现状和发展趋势的基础上,阐明了OCT的现代概念、类型及其识别标志;详细介绍了以OCT为基础而建立的被动陆缘地壳岩石圈结构构造单元划分方案、表层沉积盆地构造地层格架及重要的构造变革界面特征;分析了大型拆离断层在地壳岩石圈薄化、地幔剥露过程中的控制作用;揭示了陆缘变形集中、迁移和叠合的规律,建立了被动陆缘岩石圈伸展、薄化、剥露和裂解模式。最后,论文对比了国际非岩浆型被动大陆边缘与我国南海OCT的研究,介绍了南海OCT和陆缘深水超深水盆地研究的新发现,提出深入研究南海OCT将为南海陆缘构造演化、洋盆扩张过程和深水超深水盆地的成因机制研究提供新的启示。     

地球三级层流隆陷构造系统的关联机理

本文针对板块构造学说不能合理解释的一些重大科学问题,采用系统科学和系统哲学的分析方法,研究开放复杂地球系统及其子系统的时空、物质和能量规律。作者高度综合了超洋陆、洋陆和大陆盆山系统几何学、运动学、流变学和演化史的基本特征,初步阐明了地球内部三个软流层四维非均匀层流及其多级垂平转换形成超洋陆、洋陆和盆山的统一动力学机制,强调热动力引起岩浆活动、固态流变是地球构造活动的主因,揭示了地球各子系统不同热状态下的物质运动规律,提出了南半球现代特提斯、未来超大洋-超大陆格局、西太平洋存在中、新特提斯及其相关古陆、北美西部裂陷成洋、地球三级非均匀层流导致地球磁场动态叠加和磁极移动、地热能取代碳能带动新产业革命等十大科学猜想。上述研究成果为创立全新地学理论奠定了基础,并为人类改善地球生态环境提供了一个新的思路。     

西藏班公湖地区竟柱山组时代及其构造意义

上白垩统竟柱山组呈近EW向分布于班公湖–怒江缝合带内,该组以陆相磨拉石建造为特征,角度不整合在蛇绿岩及老的海相地层之上,从早到晚由河流相向湖泊相演化。本文以班公湖–怒江缝合带西段的班公湖地区出露的竟柱山组为主要研究对象,对其岩性特征、沉积环境及形成时代进行了分析,认为竟柱山组为班公湖–怒江特提斯洋全面闭合后的陆相山间盆地沉积,是洋陆转换全面完成之后的陆相沉积。本文首次对班公湖地区竟柱山组进行了ESR年代学、磁性地层学研究,得出了研究区竟柱山组底部砾岩的ESR年龄为92.0±9.0 Ma,古地磁测年显示该组的底界年龄约为96 Ma。班公湖地区在96 Ma左右全面完成了由洋到陆的转换,进入了陆内环境。     

西天山造山带构造单元划分及古生代洋陆转换过程

西天山造山带位于哈萨克斯坦—准噶尔板块与卡拉库姆—塔里木板块的结合部,是由一系列前寒武纪微陆块、古生代洋壳残片及陆缘弧相互拼贴而成的多聚合带、多成矿带,其独特的造山-成矿过程受到了国内外的广泛关注。本文通过构造单元划分与编图,建立了古生代西天山造山带的构造格架,认为古生代西天山造山带的构造演化依次经历了:罗迪尼亚大陆裂解与北天山早古生代多岛洋盆形成阶段(Z-O_2),北天山早古生代多岛洋盆闭合与南天山洋盆开始形成阶段(O_3-S),南、北天山洋晚古生代洋盆形成与发展阶段(D-C_1),南、北天山晚古生代洋盆全面闭合与天山碰撞造山带形成阶段(C1-C_2)和碰撞后板内演化阶段(C_2-P)。     

西准噶尔地区洋陆转换时代:来自锆石U-Pb定年与Lu-Hf同位素的约束

中亚造山带西部的西准噶尔地区是古生代洋陆构造转换最显著的地区之一,但是关于该地区洋陆转换的具体时间和地壳演化至今仍存在诸多争议。本文以西准噶尔地区的庙尔沟岩体及其西北侧新发现的柱状节理流纹岩为研究对象,通过锆石U-Pb定年的方法,判断庙尔沟岩体的年龄为302.8～308.8 Ma,柱状节理流纹岩的年龄为303.6～294.5 Ma。锆石Lu-Hf同位素测试结果显示,庙尔沟岩体和柱状节理流纹岩都具有相似的高~(176)Hf/~(177)Hf值和高正ε_(Hf)(t)值,具有亏损地幔的源区属性,可能来源于下地壳底部残余洋壳或火山岛弧等新生地壳发生部分熔融。结合区域地质资料和前人研究成果,将西准噶尔地区由大洋俯冲向陆内环境转变的时间限定为晚石炭—早二叠世,其基底可能是以新元古代晚期—晚古生代形成的年轻洋壳和岛弧为主,不存在古老的结晶基底。     

青藏高原及邻区大地构造单元初步划分

青藏高原及邻区大地构造单元的划分是当前该地区板块构造精细结构研究的关键,也是板内构造研究的基础理论问题。本文在前人工作的基础上,结合青藏高原及邻区新一轮1∶25万区域地质调查成果,基于多岛弧盆系的形成是大洋向大陆岩石圈构造体制演化转换的标志这一认识,将弧-弧、弧-陆及陆-陆碰撞结合带和夹持于其间的陆块、岩浆弧划分为一级单元,构成青藏高原及邻区构造单元的基本骨架;以南昆仑俯冲碰撞结合带和班公湖-丁青-碧土-昌宁-孟连结合带为界,划分出:泛华夏大陆早古生带秦祁昆构造区、泛华夏大陆晚古生代—三叠纪羌塘-三江构造区及冈瓦纳北缘晚古生代—中生代冈瓦纳-喜马拉雅构造区。这样的厘定不仅对青藏高原及邻区的地质科学研究具有重要的理论意义,而且对青藏高原空白区区域地质调查和成矿地质条件分析等也有重要的实际意义。     

Earliest sea-floor spreading magnetic anomalies in the north Arabian Sea and the ocean-continent transition

Magnetic and gravity data collected during a GLORIA survey of the Indus Fan provide new information on the earliest sea-floor spreading history of the Arabian Sea. A negative gravity anomaly correlates with the buried Laxmi Ridge. This ridge is interpreted here to be a sliver of continental crust adjacent to the oceancontinent transition which bounds thinned, probably intruded, transitional crust to the NE. The oldest sea-floor spreading anomaly is anomaly 28 (65-66 Ma), breakup occurring at the time of the Deccan Traps volcanic event. The earliest oceanic crust formed from two phases of rift propagation which accommodates the angular disparity between the E-W trending anomalies in the western Arabian Sea and the NE-SW trending western part of the Laxmi Ridge. Flow-line projection shows that the Laxmi ridge forms the conjugate structure to the northern Mascarene Plateau margin.     

西天山下石炭统大哈拉军山组底部角度不整合特征及其对天山古生代洋陆转换时限的约束

西天山广泛出露下石炭统大哈拉军山组火山-沉积岩系,其与下伏地层(前寒武纪结晶基底或前石炭纪褶皱基底)之间呈广泛的区域性角度不整合接触。通过对这些角度不整合面及大哈拉军山组底部冲洪积相碎屑岩或陆相火山岩特征的研究,认为该不整合面代表了一次强烈的褶皱、隆升造山事件;不整合面之上初始沉积物地层序列是天山石炭纪后碰撞裂谷盆地新一轮沉积旋回的起点。取自大哈拉军山组底部粗碎屑岩中夹层安山岩样品的锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb同位素年龄为359±2.3Ma,这一年龄值不但限定了这一区域性角度不整合的形成时代,而且代表天山后碰撞裂谷盆地的开启时间。因此,天山古生代洋陆转换时限在晚泥盆世—早石炭世之交,随后,天山造山带进入后碰撞裂谷演化阶段。     

Impact of Ocean-Continent Distribution over Southern Asia on the Formation of Summer Monsoon

Using the CCM3/NCAR, a series of numerical experiments are designed to explore the effect of ocean-land interlaced distributions of Africa-Arabian Sea-India Peninsula-Bay of Bengal (BOB)-Indo-China Peninsula-South China Sea on the formation of the Asian summer monsoon circulation (ASMC). The results show that the thermal difference between African or Indian Subcontinent and nearby areas including the Indian Ocean, Arabian Sea, and part of BOB is the primary mechanism that maintains the Indian monsoon circulation. In the experiment getting rid of these two continents, the Indian monsoon system (IMS) members, i.e., the Somali cross-equatorial jet (40°E) and the southwesterly monsoon over the Arabian Sea and BOB, almost disappear. Moreover, the Hadley circulation weakens dominantly. It also proves that Africa has greater effect than Indian Subcontinent on the IMS. However, the existence of Indo-China Peninsula and Australia strengthens the East Asian monsoon system (EAMS). The thermal contrast between Indo-China Peninsula and SCS, Australia and western Pacific Ocean plays an important role in the formation of the tropical monsoon to the south of the EAMS. When the Indo-China Peninsula is masked in the experiment, the cross-equatorial flow (105°E and 125°E) vanishes, so does the southwesterly monsoon usually found over East Asia, and EAMS is enfeebled significantly. In addition, the impacts of these thermal contrasts on the distribution of the summer precipitation and surface temperature are investigated.     

Ocean-Continent Subduction within the Paleotethyan Archiopeligic Ocean from Mineralogical Evidence of Muztag Ophiolite, Eastern Kunlun Mountain, China

TheMuztagophioliteisdistributeddiscontinu ouslyalongthewest easttrendingMuztag Jingyuhu faultzoneintheEasternKunlunMountainofXin jiangUygurAutonomousRegion(Fig.1).The mountainiscomposedoftwoprincipalunitsofmeta morphicperidotitesandcumulates(Molnaretal.,1…