一种台风海面非对称风场的构造方法

针对台风数值预报中由于采用对称模型而导致预报误差的现实，通过引入非对称分布的台风最大风速、最大风速半径等因子，在得到台风报告中7级风和10级风的半径的基础上，利用最佳权系数方案来得到非对称的台风外围风速分布因子，从而对Chan and Williams 1987年提出的切向风廓线方案进行改造，进而得到了台风海面非对称风场的计算式。检验表明，该方法能够描述台风海面风场的非对称分布，具有较好的应用前景。     

MELTWATER FLUXES AT AN ARCTIC FOREST-TUNDRA SITE

Models of surface energy balance and snow metamorphism are utilized to predict the energy and meltwater fluxes at an Arctic site in the forest–tundra transition zone of north-western Canada. The surface energy balance during the melt period is modelled using an hourly bulk aerodynamic approach. Once a snowcover becomes patchy, advection from the bare patches to the snow-covered areas results in a large spatial variation in basin snowmelt. In order to illustrate the importance of small-scale, horizontal advection, a simple parameterization scheme using sensible heat fluxes from snow free areas was tested. This scheme estimates the maximum horizontal advection of sensible heat from the bare patches to the snow-covered areas. Calculated melt was routed through the measured snowcover in each landscape type using a variable flow path, meltwater percolation model. This allowed the determination of the spatial variability in the timing and magnitude of meltwater release for runoff. Model results indicate that the initial release of meltwater first occurred on the shallow upland tundra sites, but meltwater release did not occur until nearly two weeks later on the deep drift snowcovers. During these early periods of melt, not all meltwater is available for runoff. Instead, there is a period when some snowpacks are only partially contributing to runoff, and the spatial variation of runoff contribution corresponds to landscape type. Comparisons of melt with and without advection suggests that advection is an important process controlling the timing of basin snowmelt.     

青藏高原东部表层土壤色度的空间变化特征及其环境意义

认识青藏高原东部现代表土的色度特征及其空间分布,理解其与现代气候因子之间的联系,对于高原地区黄土-古环境重建和揭示第四纪环境变化历史具有重要意义。通过对研究区表层土壤色度的详细分析,对比现代气候资料,探讨了青藏高原东部表层土壤色度的空间变化特征及其环境意义。结果表明：① 高原东部表土色度参数空间变化特征差异显著,表现为随纬度升高,土壤亮度呈先减小后增大的趋势,而红度和黄度则逐步减小;随经度的升高,黄度先增大后减小,而红度值逐步减小;红度和黄度整体随着海拔上升而呈先减小后升高的特征。这些变化特征和差异是表土色度对高原东部复杂地理环境和水热条件变化响应的结果。② 在高原的干旱-半湿润区,土壤亮度对降水的响应敏感;红度和黄度对大尺度的温度变化响应较敏感,而较冷的环境下,红度对温度响应复杂,但与降水存在一定的联系。红度/黄度比值主要指示了气候控制下的赤铁矿和针铁矿的变化和竞争,对干旱-半湿润区域的降水变化响应较为敏感。青藏高原东部现代表土色度与气候密切相关,其空间变化特征一定程度上反映了该地区现代气候因子的空间变化;另一方面由于该区地形和气候复杂多变,部分色度指标与气候关系复杂,在重建青藏高原东部黄土古环境变化历史时需要谨慎。     

Assimilating data into open ocean tidal models

The problem of deriving tidal fields from observations by reason of incompleteness and imperfectness of every data set practically available has an infinitely large number of allowable solutions fitting the data within measurement errors and hence can be treated as ill-posed. Therefore, interpolating the data always relies on some a priori assumptions concerning the tides, which provide a rule of sampling or, in other words, a regularization of the ill-posed problem. Data assimilation procedures used in large scale tide modeling are viewed in a common mathematical framework as such regularizations. It is shown that they all (basis functions expansion, parameter estimation, nudging, objective analysis, general inversion, and extended general inversion), including those (objective analysis and general inversion) originally formulated in stochastic terms, may be considered as utilizations of one of the three general methods suggested by the theory of ill-posed problems. The problem of grid refinement critical for inverse methods and nudging is discussed.     

论《GIS空间分析》课程建设

综述了GIS空间分析理论的相关知识面和知识点,分析了课程的教学适应性,提出了课程建设的几点建议.     

基于多时相遥感的鄂尔多斯市不透水面变化分析

不透水面作为城市发展和生态环境的重要评估因子,在保障生态环境健康和城市可持续发展中具有重大意义。本文以鄂尔多斯为研究区,通过融合多时相Landsat和夜间灯光数据,提取1990—2019年的不透水面信息,并利用重心分析法、标准差椭圆理论和景观指数理论分析时空演变规律。研究结果表明:①1990—2019年鄂尔多斯市不透水面经历了快速扩张;东北部不透水面覆盖度高于西南部;不透水面的扩张模式总体上表现为“向外扩张-向内加密”。②东北部扩张速度减缓,西南部扩张速度增快。③不透水面扩张的方向性减弱;不透水面扩张的方向有由“东北-西南”向“东-西”转变的趋势。④斑块数量及边缘斑块破碎度增加,城市与郊区的连通性增强,城市有向周边郊区扩张的趋势。本文研究对于进一步了解城市生态环境健康与城市可持续发展的相关关系具有一定的参考价值。     

基于遥感数据的多年平均物候不确定性研究

多年平均物候能够反映植被生长发育节律的均衡状态,是植被物候模拟与预测的关键参数之一。遥感已广泛用于地表物候监测,是空间多年平均物候信息的重要来源。然而,基于遥感的多年平均物候存在不同计算方法,如先确定每年时序曲线的物候点再求平均值（平均法）,以及先求多年平均时序曲线再确定物候点（参考曲线法）。上述方法的结果可能存在差异,但目前尚缺乏对这一不确定性及其影响的认识。针对该问题,本研究利用2001年—2016年遥感植被指数数据,分别在平均法和参考曲线法下提取中国森林生长季起始时间的多年平均值（■）,比较■的差异（■）及其空间异质性;进一步选取物候研究中常用指标,即以■为基础的温度“季前时长PD (Preseason Duration)”,分析■不同计算方法对物候—气候关系的潜在影响。结果表明,（1）不同方法下的■差异显著,总体上平均法小于参考曲线法（-2.6±2.2 d,占88%）,其中存在8.0%和6.0%的有效像元其动态平均法和固定平均法小于参考曲线法超过7 d,主要分布在东南丘陵地区。（2）■具有显著的空间异质性,主要表现为随年均温的升高而减小（Slope=0.07 d/℃,P<...     

地理国情普查中地表覆盖分类数据典型问题解析

由于地理国情普查是一个全新的、有别于其他测绘项目的新兴项目,在生产过程中难免会出现各种各样的问题。本文结合生产实际,对于地表覆盖分类数据生产过程中出现的一些特征明显、问题集中的错误进行归类解析。     

Soil respiration mapped by exclusively use of MODIS data for forest landscapes of Saskatchewan,Canada

Soil respiration (R_s) is of great importance to the global carbon balance. Remote sensing of R_s is challenging because of (1) the lack of long-term R_s data for model development and (2) limited knowledge of using satellite-based products to estimate R_s. Using 8-years (2002–2009) of continuous R_s measurements with nonsteady-state automated chamber systems at a Canadian boreal black spruce stand (SK-OBS), we found that R_s was strongly correlated with the product of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and the nighttime land surface temperature (LSTn) derived from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) imagery. The coefficients of the linear regression equation of this correlation between R_s and NDVI × LSTn could be further calibrated using the MODIS leaf area index (LAI) product, resulting in an algorithm that is driven solely by remote sensing observations. Modeled R_s closely tracked the seasonal patterns of measured R_s and explained 74–92% of the variance in R_s with a root mean square error (RMSE) less than 1.0 g C/m²/d. Further validation of the model from SK-OBS site at another two independent sites (SK-OA and SK-OJP, old aspen and old jack pine, respectively) showed that the algorithm can produce good estimates of R_s with an overall R² of 0.78 (p < 0.001) for data of these two sites. Consequently, we mapped R_s of forest landscapes of Saskatchewan using entirely MODIS observations for 2003 and spatial and temporal patterns of R_s were well modeled. These results point to a strong relationship between the soil respiratory process and canopy photosynthesis as indicated from the greenness index (i.e., NDVI), thereby implying the potential of remote sensing data for detecting variations in R_s. A combination of both biological and environmental variables estimated from remote sensing in this analysis may be valuable in future investigations of spatial and temporal characteristics of R_s.