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71.
首先阐述了研究基于数字高程模型(DEM)的SAR图像模拟的重要性。然后针对SAR图像的几何特点,并顾及地面坡度、成像距离等因素对雷达波后向散射强度的影响,设计了基于强度积分的SAR图像模拟方案。根据Leberl构像模型计算SAR图像的像点坐标,采用强度积分策略对各点处的强度进行模拟,并进行归一化处理。通过仿真实验得到了满意的SAR模拟图像,验证了该模拟方案的正确性和有效性。 相似文献
72.
本文结合CA(cellular automata)和AR(auto-regression)提出模拟人口空间场属性变化的CA-AR模型,以1991~2006年成都市各区、县市的人口统计数据和成都市行政区划图为基础,将行政单元转化为单元网格,分别建立成都市主城区各单元格的CA-AR模型。结果显示,模拟结果的绝对误差和相对误差都较小,模拟精度较高,模型的显著性水平都比较高,说明CA-AR模型用于模拟人口空间场的人口数量变化是可行的。 相似文献
73.
水平井含水率上升影响因素 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
利用塔里木油田塔中4油田(TZ4)底水油藏相关的地质、流体数据建立数值模型。在所建模型的基础上,应用数值模拟计算的累积产油、产水和产液量回归俞启泰水驱特征曲线,以反映水平井见水特征的参数b。以参数b为研究对象,采用正交试验的方法研究不同因素对b值的影响,筛选影响水平井见水特征的主要因素,认为原油粘度、油层厚度、非均质性及水平井水平段在油藏中的位置是影响水平井含水上升趋势的主要指标。最后建立主要因素与b值的关系式,结合俞启泰曲线b值图版,提出预测水平井见水规律的公式——图版法(F-b法)。应用F-b法对塔里木水平井含水率进行预测,并与其他相关方法及实际生产数据对比,认为F-b法可作为预测塔里木油田水平井含水率、估算可采储量的一种有效方法。 相似文献
74.
Studies on rain-runoff process in the peripheral mountainous area of the Sichuan Basin, which is regarded as a key ecological shelter, will contribute to flood control and environmental protection for the Upper Yangtze River Basin. In two typical catchments--the Fujiang River Catchment and the Wujiang River Catchment, rainfall simulations have been conducted to study the rain-runoff processes of yellow soil and limestone soil in three types of land use--forestland, farmland and grassland. Results showed that (1) within the same rainfall process, overland flow occurs first on farmland, then on grassland, and finally on forestland; (2) soil surface coverage has a great impact on the occurrence and amount of overland flow. The runoff amount can increase 2-4 times after the coverage is removed; (3) the infiltration before the occurrence of overland flow will decrease because of higher gravel contents of soil, but it takes no effect on infiltration once overland flow becomes stable; (4) the runoff coefficient of the limestone soil forestland is greater than that of the yellow soil forest land, but less than that of the farmland; (5) three empirical infiltration models, including Horton' model, Kostiakov' model, and modified Kostiakov' model, were compared by using the observed results under rainfall simulation. The results showed that the Kostiakov' model performed better than both the Horton' model and modified Kostiakov model. According to the results of this research, the Kostiakov's model can be used to simulate rainfall infiltration when water erosion is modeled in the peripheral mountainous area of the Sichuan Basin. 相似文献
75.
Xin Li Dongliang Wang Baoquan Liu Chunling Ren Jianying Guo Xuefeng Su Jian Wang 《中国地球化学学报》2008,27(4):412-419
The northern margin of the Qaidam Basin is one of the main oil-gas exploration areas in western China, where source rocks are composed mostly of Middle and Lower Jurassic dark mud shale, carbargillite and coal. A large number of subsurface and outcrop samples differing in lithology with different types of organic matter were selected for resource evaluation, research and calculation. And among them, 13 samples were used for simulation experiment on hydrocarbon generating potential of various source rocks. At first, two kinds of heating modes were compared through simulation experiment, including single temperature-step heating and continual heating. Perhaps, the process of hydrocarbon generation and expulsion occurred naturally between a close system and an open system. In addition, the first heating mode was convenient, and all its reaction products were involved in the whole thermal evolution, and the final simulation experimental results were basically in consistency with the natural evolution trend Therefore, the first heating mode was adopted and the hydrocarbon yield of every sample was worked out. According to the type and lithology of organic matter and the hydrocarbon yield of samples for simulation experiment, hydrocarbon generation and expulsion mode with three kinds of lithology and five types of source rock has been established to provide the basis for hydrocarbon generation evaluation, research and resource calculation. 相似文献
76.
Although its use is widespread in several other scientific disciplines, the theory of tensor invariants is only marginally
adopted in gravity field modeling. We aim to close this gap by developing and applying the invariants approach for geopotential
recovery. Gravitational tensor invariants are deduced from products of second-order derivatives of the gravitational potential.
The benefit of the method presented arises from its independence of the gradiometer instrument’s orientation in space. Thus,
we refrain from the classical methods for satellite gravity gradiometry analysis, i.e., in terms of individual gravity gradients,
in favor of the alternative invariants approach. The invariants approach requires a tailored processing strategy. Firstly,
the non-linear functionals with regard to the potential series expansion in spherical harmonics necessitates the linearization
and iterative solution of the resulting least-squares problem. From the computational point of view, efficient linearization
by means of perturbation theory has been adopted. It only requires the computation of reference gravity gradients. Secondly,
the deduced pseudo-observations are composed of all the gravitational tensor elements, all of which require a comparable level
of accuracy. Additionally, implementation of the invariants method for large data sets is a challenging task. We show the
fundamentals of tensor invariants theory adapted to satellite gradiometry. With regard to the GOCE (Gravity field and steady-state
Ocean Circulation Explorer) satellite gradiometry mission, we demonstrate that the iterative parameter estimation process
converges within only two iterations. Additionally, for the GOCE configuration, we show the invariants approach to be insensitive
to the synthesis of unobserved gravity gradients. 相似文献
77.
78.
Modelling Positional Uncertainty of Line Features by Accounting for Stochastic Deviations from Straight Line Segments 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Sytze de Bruin 《Transactions in GIS》2008,12(2):165-177
The assessment of positional uncertainty in line and area features is often based on uncertainty in the coordinates of their elementary vertices which are assumed to be connected by straight lines. Such an approach disregards uncertainty caused by sampling and approximation of a curvilinear feature by a sequence of straight line segments. In this article, a method is proposed that also allows for the latter type of uncertainty by modelling random rectangular deviations from the conventional straight line segments. Using the model on a dense network of sub‐vertices, the contribution of uncertainty due to approximation is emphasised; the sampling effect can be assessed by applying it on a small set of randomly inserted sub‐vertices. A case study demonstrates a feasible way of parameterisation based on assumptions of joint normal distributions for positional errors of the vertices and the rectangular deviations and a uniform distribution of missed sub‐vertices along line segments. Depending on the magnitudes of the different sources of uncertainty, not accounting for potential deviations from straight line segments may drastically underestimate the positional uncertainty of line features. 相似文献
79.
We propose a methodology, called multilevel local–global (MLLG) upscaling, for generating accurate upscaled models of permeabilities
or transmissibilities for flow simulation on adapted grids in heterogeneous subsurface formations. The method generates an
initial adapted grid based on the given fine-scale reservoir heterogeneity and potential flow paths. It then applies local–global
(LG) upscaling for permeability or transmissibility [7], along with adaptivity, in an iterative manner. In each iteration of MLLG, the grid can be adapted where needed to reduce
flow solver and upscaling errors. The adaptivity is controlled with a flow-based indicator. The iterative process is continued
until consistency between the global solve on the adapted grid and the local solves is obtained. While each application of
LG upscaling is also an iterative process, this inner iteration generally takes only one or two iterations to converge. Furthermore,
the number of outer iterations is bounded above, and hence, the computational costs of this approach are low. We design a
new flow-based weighting of transmissibility values in LG upscaling that significantly improves the accuracy of LG and MLLG
over traditional local transmissibility calculations. For highly heterogeneous (e.g., channelized) systems, the integration
of grid adaptivity and LG upscaling is shown to consistently provide more accurate coarse-scale models for global flow, relative
to reference fine-scale results, than do existing upscaling techniques applied to uniform grids of similar densities. Another
attractive property of the integration of upscaling and adaptivity is that process dependency is strongly reduced, that is,
the approach computes accurate global flow results also for flows driven by boundary conditions different from the generic
boundary conditions used to compute the upscaled parameters. The method is demonstrated on Cartesian cell-based anisotropic
refinement (CCAR) grids, but it can be applied to other adaptation strategies for structured grids and extended to unstructured
grids. 相似文献
80.
Numerical simulation of oil migration and accumulation is to describe the history of oil migration and accumulation in basin
evolution. It is of great value to the evaluation of oil resources and to the determination of the location and amount of
oil deposits. This thesis discusses the characteristics of petroleum geology and permeation fluid mechanics. For the three-dimensional
problems of Dongying hollow of Shengli Petroleum Oil Field, it puts forward a new model and a kind of modified method of upwind
finite difference fractional steps implicit interactive scheme. For the famous hydraulic experiment of secondary migration–accumulation,
the numerical simulation test has been done, and both the computational and experimental results are basically identical.
For the actual problem of Dongying hollow, the numerical simulation test and the actual conditions are basically coincident.
Thus, the well-known problem has been solved. 相似文献