降雨条件下北川斜坡破坏的数值模拟

本文采用FLAC的两相流模式和修正的Mohr—Coulomb模型,对北川地区震后土在降雨条件下的位移和速度矢量进行了数值模拟和分析,同时在室内进行了降雨条件下斜坡破坏的模型实验。分析结果表明：土体在沿坡面的最大水平位移发生在坡脚处,土体水平位移是衡量斜坡破坏的首要指标,可采用坡面特征点的位移突变作为斜坡破坏的判别标准;数值模拟得到的斜坡破坏与降雨历时关系与室内模型实验结果吻合较好。     

中坝隧道地下分水岭演化的数值模拟分析

由于铁路隧道的施工,地下水进入隧道,形成了新的排泄基准面,对区域地下水环境产生较大影响,故对该类问题进行深入研究具有重要的工程实践意义。以中坝岩溶隧道为例,采用Visual modflow对中坝隧道进行三维数值模拟,模拟中坝隧道开挖建设后,地下分水岭的演化过程,以此来探讨分析其对地下水环境的影响。     

水源热泵井群布置方案对地下水流场影响分析

以某地下水源热泵系统工程为例,依据工程场地实际抽水-回灌试验数据,建立研究区地下水流数值模拟模型,分析该地区适宜的井群布置方案,并定量研究不同井群布置方案对地下水流场的影响范围与程度,为确定合理的井群布置方案提供技术支撑。研究表明：对于同一含水层回灌,随着抽水-回灌时间的延长,就有利于抽水-回灌能力及尽量减小对周边地下水开采的影响而言,抽水井、回灌井交叉布置,部分回灌井集中布置的方案较为合理。     

芦山地震的发生对周围断层影响的数值模拟

芦山地震发生后,地震的发生造成周围断层应力变化值得关注。本文基于川滇地区的三维非线性有限元模型,利用芦山地震同震静态滑移量结果,分析地震的发生对川滇地区主要断裂的同震加卸载效应。初步结果表明,芦山地震的发生造成龙门山断裂中南段、岷江断裂、马尔康断裂、鲜水河断裂北西段、大凉山断裂南段、小江断裂南段不同程度的应力增加。其中龙门山断裂中南段增加最为显著,最大库仑应力增加量达0.035 MPa;岷江断裂次之,最大达0.0075 MPa;马尔康断裂增加量达0.0031 MPa;鲜水河断裂北西段达0.0008 MPa。而从断裂带同震应变积累与释放方面分析的结果同样表明上述四条断裂地震危险性增强。该结果可以为川滇地区地震危险性分析提供一定的参考依据。     

降雨入渗补给地下水数值模拟研究

针对在地下水资源评价中入渗补给量采用经验估算存在较大误差的问题,以神东矿区为例,在广泛调查矿区包气带岩性结构并结合野外取样、室内参数测定的基础上,采用数值模拟的方法建立包气带水分运移数值模拟模型,定量模拟矿区内不同地段降雨入渗强度,探讨影响降雨入渗强度的主要因素,计算得出研究区降雨入渗系数大致在0.18~0.27,分析认为影响降雨入渗强度的因素有降雨量、潜水埋深、包气带岩性等。其中在研究区广泛分布的风积沙对地下水资源起到了一定的保护作用。     

王坡井田煤层气井部署方法研究

王坡煤矿是高瓦斯矿井,已有的井下瓦斯抽排不能满足矿井安全生产的要求,迫切需要通过地面抽采来缓解。在已有地质成果基础上,采用煤层气藏数值模拟方法,对王坡井田地面煤层气抽采工程部署方案进行优化。结果表明:A区块是井田煤层气开发试验首选区,以梅花形井网作为试验井网,井间距300m×250m,井网长轴方向60°。这种布井方式在工程实践中取得了较好效果,具有较大的推广价值。     

重庆涪陵页岩气勘查开发区环境地质调查进展

紧密结合国家非常规能源勘探开发的重大战略,聚焦重庆涪陵页岩气勘查开发区环境地质调查工作,总结了研究区岩溶发育特征与分布规律,评价了涪陵页岩气开发区区域水资源量和地下水质量。在此基础上,收集分析国内外资料,梳理了页岩气勘查开发所引发的6类环境(地质)问题及勘查、钻井、压裂、开采、闭井等5个阶段需关注的地质环境问题或风险等,其中涪陵页岩气勘查开发区主要诱发水土污染、地质灾害和大气污染等环境(地质)问题; 基本识别了2种地下水污染模式、3种污染类型及可能的地下水污染风险途径; 初步确定了涪陵页岩气勘查开发区污染指示性特征因子,并形成了页岩气勘查开发区地质环境影响评价指标体系,可指导页岩气勘查开发的环境地质调查。该研究为页岩气国家新型清洁能源的绿色开发和开发区生态文明建设提供支撑。     

Scales and causes of heterogeneity in bars in a large multi‐channel river: Río Paraná, Argentina

To date, published studies of alluvial bar architecture in large rivers have been restricted mostly to case studies of individual bars and single locations. Relatively little is known about how the depositional processes and sedimentary architecture of kilometre‐scale bars vary within a multi‐kilometre reach or over several hundreds of kilometres downstream. This study presents Ground Penetrating Radar and core data from 11, kilometre‐scale bars from the Río Paraná, Argentina. The investigated bars are located between 30 km upstream and 540 km downstream of the Río Paraná – Río Paraguay confluence, where a significant volume of fine‐grained suspended sediment is introduced into the network. Bar‐scale cross‐stratified sets, with lengths and widths up to 600 m and thicknesses up to 12 m, enable the distinction of large river deposits from stacked deposits of smaller rivers, but are only present in half the surface area of the bars. Up to 90% of bar‐scale sets are found on top of finer‐grained ripple‐laminated bar‐trough deposits. Bar‐scale sets make up as much as 58% of the volume of the deposits in small, incipient mid‐channel bars, but this proportion decreases significantly with increasing age and size of the bars. Contrary to what might be expected, a significant proportion of the sedimentary structures found in the Río Paraná is similar in scale to those found in much smaller rivers. In other words, large river deposits are not always characterized by big structures that allow a simple interpretation of river scale. However, the large scale of the depositional units in big rivers causes small‐scale structures, such as ripple sets, to be grouped into thicker cosets, which indicate river scale even when no obvious large‐scale sets are present. The results also show that the composition of bars differs between the studied reaches upstream and downstream of the confluence with the Río Paraguay. Relative to other controls on downstream fining, the tributary input of fine‐grained suspended material from the Río Paraguay causes a marked change in the composition of the bar deposits. Compared to the upstream reaches, the sedimentary architecture of the downstream reaches in the top ca 5 m of mid‐channel bars shows: (i) an increase in the abundance and thickness (up to metre‐scale) of laterally extensive (hundreds of metres) fine‐grained layers; (ii) an increase in the percentage of deposits comprised of ripple sets (to >40% in the upper bar deposits); and (iii) an increase in bar‐trough deposits and a corresponding decrease in bar‐scale cross‐strata (<10%). The thalweg deposits of the Río Paraná are composed of dune sets, even directly downstream from the Río Paraguay where the upper channel deposits are dominantly fine‐grained. Thus, the change in sedimentary facies due to a tributary point‐source of fine‐grained sediment is primarily expressed in the composition of the upper bar deposits.     

A new methodology for building local climate change scenarios: A case study of monthly temperature projections for Mexico City

This paper proposes a new methodology for generating climate change scenarios at the local scale based on multivariate time series models and restricted forecasting techniques. This methodology offers considerable advantages over the current statistical downscaling techniques such as: (i) it provides a better representation of climate at the local scale; (ii) it avoids the occurrence of spurious relationships between the large and local scale variables; (iii) it offers a more appropriate representation of variability in the downscaled scenarios; and (iv) it allows for compatibility assessment and combination of the information contained in both observed and simulated climate variables. Furthermore, this methodology is useful for integrating scenarios of local scale factors that affect local climate. As such, the convenience of different public policies regarding, for example, land use change or atmospheric pollution control can be evaluated in terms of their effects for amplifying or reducing climate change impacts.     

柴达木盆地北缘东段石炭纪至白垩纪构造演化 模式及地层缺失原因探讨

为了明确柴达木盆地北缘东段石炭纪至白垩纪盆地演化历史,分析石炭系—侏罗系缺失的原因,本文重新确定了石炭系和侏罗系残余地层分布范围,并根据平衡剖面恢复和断裂落差计算,分析了主要断裂的活动特征,提出了柴北缘东段石炭纪至白垩纪的构造演化模式。应用有限单元法模拟了柴北缘东段印支期(三叠纪)、燕山早期(早—中侏罗世)、燕山晚期(晚侏罗世—白垩纪)的应力场,对构造演化模式加以验证。研究结果表明:柴北缘东段自石炭纪至白垩纪经历了石炭纪—二叠纪伸展、三叠纪挤压褶皱、早—中侏罗世断陷、晚侏罗世—白垩纪早期挤压坳陷和白垩纪末挤压反转五个构造演化阶段。三叠纪,柴北缘东段在印支期发育两排近东西走向的背斜凸起,造成石炭系—二叠系在各地区遭受不同程度的剥蚀;侏罗纪—白垩纪早期,欧南地区为继承性隆起区,未完全接受沉积;白垩纪末,受燕山晚期旋回影响,构造反转,逆冲断裂复活,绿梁山、锡铁山、埃姆尼克山、欧隆布鲁克山等主要山体隆升,遭受剥蚀。