水—气间的合成化合物分布

Production and application of large quantities of synthetic organic compounds have resulted in a widespread contamination of the water environment. Many synthetic organic compounds are found toxic. Some are mutagenic and carcinogenic even at trace level concentration. The impact of these pollutants has become one of the major issues of environmental concern in recent years.The exchange of organic chemicals across the air-water interface is a significant process affecting the fate of organic compounds released into rivers and lakes. Benzene, toluene, trichloroethylene and tetra-chloroethylene were selected as the model chemicals in this study. These four chemicals have been classified as priority pollutants by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and designated as hazardous waste chemicals by the Ontario Ministry of Environment, Canada. The equilibrium distribution of the selected volatile organic compounds between air and water was simulated in the laboratory at the University of Saskatchewan. A gas chromatograph headspace auto sampler system was used to analyze the chemical concentrations. Partition coefficients were determined from the experimental results. The effect of ionic strength on the equilibrium partitioning of selected organic compounds was also investigated in this study. Concentrations of sodium chloride from 100 mol·m^-3 to 1 000 mol·m^-3 were used to simulate various ionic strengths in water at temperature of 20℃. Typical sea-water was simulated with 3.5% sodium chloride and tested at temperatures from 15℃ to 45℃. The salting-out coefficients for the selected organic compounds were determined.     

不同湿地植物对污水中氦磷去除的贡献

选择5种湿地植物(芦苇、东方香蒲、菖蒲、茭白、鸢尾)和1种喜湿灌木(蒿柳),研究重度富营养化水体中植物的生长特性和氮磷去除效果.研究发现,所选用的6种植物在实验池中均生长良好.稳定生长105d以后,各种植物的总生物量在424-1772g/m2之间,除了香蒲的地上地下生物量比(A/U)达到3.23外.其它的比值在0.63-1.49之间.6种植物地上部N和P浓度分别在13.12-28.83mg/g及1.55-3.77mg/g之间,地下部N和P浓度在7.76-15.60mg/g及1.70-2.71mg/s之间,大部分植物地上部N和P的浓度大于地下部.6种植物平均氮、磷积累量分别为20.60g/m2和3.08g/m2,其中地上部平均氮、磷积累量分别占66.60%和58.22%.不同植物筛选池对不同污染物的净化效果有差异,鸢尾池对TN的净化效果最好,芦苇池对TP的净化效果最好.植物的氮、磷积累量与浓度及生物量之间均存在显著相关.     

A Mini‐Review of E‐Waste Management in Brazil: Perspectives and Challenges

The accelerated production and replacement of new electrical and electronic equipment demonstrates a tendency for the proportional increase in the generation of e‐waste. Developing countries experience similar social and environmental consequences from this trend, which compounds the other challenges associated with the already poor solid waste management in these regions. Moreover, the dangerous composition of some e‐waste amplifies the problems related to managing these materials. This mini‐review presents a brief overview of e‐waste management in Brazil, including technical aspects, scientific studies, and the challenges ahead. With the Brazilian National Policy of Solid Waste already in place, technical and scientific studies endorse measures that range from incorporating the informal recycling sector into the e‐waste management sector to encouraging the expansion of the recycling industry. All such actions, combined with an intensified commitment of electronic equipment manufacturers to reverse logistics, can improve e‐waste management in Brazil.     

Recovery of Chitin and Protein from Shrimp Head Waste by Endogenous Enzyme Autolysis and Fermentation

The industrial processing of shrimp produces massive quantities of solid waste that is a notable source of animal protein, chitin, carotenoids, and other bioactive compounds that are not appropriately utilized. In the present study, chitin and protein extraction from shrimp head with autolysis and fermentation using Bacillus licheniformis were investigated. The results showed that when shrimp heads were autolyzed with a natural pH at 50℃ for 4 h, the total amino acid nitrogen in the supernatant was 5.01 mg mL^-1. Then, when a 50%(v/m) inoculum of the hydrolysate was incubated at 60℃ for 10 h, a deproteinization rate of 88.3% could be obtained. The fermented supernatant was processed into a dry protein powder, while the residues were demineralized by 10% citric acid for chitin. The recovered protein powder contained 5.5% moisture, 11.5% ash, and 66.7% protein, while the chitin contained 3.5% moisture, 2.1% ash, and 3.1% protein. In addition, amino acids, minerals, heavy metals, the degree of acetylation, microstructure, and Fourier-transform infrared(FT-IR) spectroscopy results were analyzed. Furthermore, the statistics of the large scale trial after treatment with 20 kg of shrimp heads were analyzed. Thus, this work made the shrimp waste utilization environmentally sound and valuable.     

基于弃渣综合利用的矿山泥石流灾害防治新模式——以冕宁盐井沟泸沽铁矿为例

冕宁县盐井沟受泸沽铁矿的开采所影响,流域内留存有大量矿山弃渣,在历史上曾造成严重的泥石流灾害。原有的防灾方式主要依靠沟道内修建的导流堤、拦砂坝等工程措施,但需要政府每年投入大量资金进行沟道清淤,无法根治灾害。新的防灾模式则通过综合利用泸沽铁矿的弃渣,在生产建筑砂石料的同时回收其中的铁矿粉,并利用弃土回填实现复垦和生态改良。上述措施不仅能有效减少盐井沟内松散物源的堆积,降低地质灾害风险,同时也能为企业创造利润、增加政府财政收入及促进地居民的就业,还间接地减少了河道砂石的开采、减轻了对河道生态环境的破坏,起到了减灾、增收、环保的多重效果。这种循环经济理念下的防灾新模式可试推广至其他受矿渣堆积地质灾害影响的地区。     

事件性消费的食物浪费及影响因素分析——以婚宴为例

事件性消费是中国特色的饮食消费方式,其中的食物浪费问题尤为突出。论文基于2015年餐饮业食物浪费调研,开展北京、上海、成都、拉萨食物浪费对比分析,研究结果表明:事件性消费的人均食物浪费量[95.43 g/(人·餐)]大于非事件性消费[59.28 g/(人·餐)];事件性消费的食物浪费量存在较大的区域差异性,其中成都浪费量最高,为101.20 g/(人·餐);不同类型的事件性消费的食物浪费量存在较大差异性,其中朋友聚会的食物浪费量最高,为103.61 g/(人·餐)。论文选取典型事件性消费——婚宴为案例开展研究,以2015年9月至2016年11月在北京的婚宴调研一手数据为基础,研究发现:婚礼婚宴和答谢宴的食物浪费量分别为295.32 g/人和144.27 g/人,远大于一般事件性消费(商务/公务餐、家庭聚餐、朋友聚餐);从结构上看,婚宴的肉类和水产品类浪费比例明显高于一般事件性消费,分别占总浪费量的22.05%和20.96%,一般事件性消费肉类和水产品浪费量仅占总浪费量的15.93%和8.57%。婚宴食物浪费的影响因素主要包括区域因素、经济收入、面子、打包等,未来应该从国家、社会、行业和消费者等不同层面出发,倡导绿色节约、营养导向的婚宴模式,多路径减少中国婚宴的食物浪费。     

小海岛固体废弃物产生特点与处置模式研究

为探求小海岛固体废弃物合理的处理方式,通过文献资料查阅及对我国南海海岛的实地调查,总结出国内外小海岛固废的产生特点为夏秋季节总产量高于冬春季节、日人均产量高于大陆地区、组分以有机垃圾和可燃垃圾为主,处理方式以全部岛内填埋、全部岛外处理和岛内外协同处理为主。针对小海岛的环境特点,探讨出近距离小海岛"岛内生化+岛外焚烧、回收利用"和中远距离海岛"岛内生化+岛内焚烧"的固废处置模式,以期为我国小海岛合理开发治理提供参考。     

岩溶地区钻孔灌注桩事故分析与处理

岩溶地区钻孔灌注桩基础施工难度大、问题多,且多为突发事故,施工中要有充分的防范意识,尽可能详尽地掌握地质资料,加强施工组织与管理,一般选用冲击钻作为岩溶地区施工的成孔设备。对常出现的漏浆、塌孔、卡钻、桩孔偏斜等事故应在回填材料充足,相关设备到位,做针对性的处理。