我国高放废物深地质处置战略规划探讨

本文探讨我国高放废物地质处置的战略规划，提出我国高放废物处置库的开发可参考采用“三步曲”式的技术路线，即处置库选址和场址评价一特定场址地下实验室研究一处置库建设。处置库的选址和场址评价工作可与地下实验室研究的相关工作结合。以2040年前后建成处置库为目标，把工作划分为4个阶段，即选址和场址评价阶段、场址确认和地下实验室建设阶段、现场实验和示范处置阶段及处置库建设阶段，规划出各阶段的工作目标和工作内容。论证各项工作内容之间的逻辑关系，指出选址和场址评价是基础、基础研究和地下实验室研究是支撑、性能评价是“指挥棒”、设计并建造出符合标准的处置库是目标。将选址工作划分为预选地段对比、预选场址对比和场址确认3个阶段。按此规划设想，我国将在2015年以前确定处置库和地下实验室的场址，并开始建造地下实验室。2025年左右建成地下实验室，2040年建成处置库。     

Large scale buffer material test: Mock-up experiment at CIEMAT

FEBEX is a demonstration and research project, which is being carried out by an international consortium led by the Spanish agency ENRESA and simulates components of the engineering barrier system in accordance with the ENRESA's AGP (Deep Geological Disposal) Granite reference disposal concept. The project includes tests on three scales: an “in situ” test at full scale in natural conditions; a “mock-up” test at almost full scale in controlled conditions; and a series of laboratory test to complement the information from the two large-scale test.The components of the mock-up test are similar to those of the “in situ” test: two electric heaters, a clay barrier consisting of highly compacted bentonite blocks, instrumentation, automatic control of heaters, and a data acquisition system for the data generated. The heterogeneities of the natural system (granite formation) are avoided, the hydration process is controlled with unlimited amount of water at constant pressure, and the boundary conditions are better defined than in the “in situ” test.The operational phase -hydration and heating- started in February 1997. It was initially planned to last for three years, but it has been decided to extend the operational phase to get as close as possible complete saturation of the buffer.Fifty-five months after the start of the operational phase, it can be concluded that the synergy achieved from the simultaneous, integrated performance of tests at different scales, is a valuable approach to establishing the viability of the reference concept, and making progress in the understanding and evaluation of the behaviour in the near field, especially the clay barrier.     

Study of desaturation and resaturation in brittle rock with anisotropic damage

This paper deals with numerical modelling of anisotropic damage induced by desaturation and resaturation processes in a brittle rock. This study is conducted in the framework of geological barrier safety analysis for deep disposal of nuclear waste. A non-linear poroelastic model coupled with anisotropic damage is proposed for constitutive modelling of unsaturated rock. A fully coupled FEM method is used for modelling of hydromechanical coupling problems. Instantaneous phase change without dissipation between water liquid phase and vapour is included. Parametric studies are performed to investigate influences of main factors involved in such processes. Rock damage induced by excavation, desaturation and resaturation is evaluated. Finally, we analyse the importance of taking into account the correlation between induced damage and rock permeability.     

Environmental impact assessment using rapid impact assessment matrix (RIAM) for Russeifa landfill, Jordan

An environmental impact assessment (EIA) study for the solid waste landfill was prepared for the Russeifa area, northeast Jordan. As landfill was not subjected to sophisticated EIA, serious environmental problems are still occurring, such as groundwater contamination and air pollution. Three alternatives were proposed to rehabilitate the landfill: upgrading the existing landfill, construction of a biogas plant and its relocation. The EIA for the three options was carried out using the rapid impact assessment matrix (RIAM), it applies a consistent and recordable assessment of the importance of the different components. The scoping components included in the RIAM were: physical/chemical, biological/ecological, social/cultural and economic/operational components. The RIAM analysis showed that the least negative impacts would be to relocate to a better-managed sanitary landfill. The most serious negative impacts were the contamination of groundwater, air pollution and public health. These impacts can be mitigated through a comprehensive environmental management plan for the Russeifa landfill to address the deterioration of environmental components in the vicinity of landfill.     

高放射性废物深地质处置库预选场址深部花岗岩的同位素地球化学

评价高放射性废物深地质处置库安全性能的一个重要方面是研究处置库的远场地球化学环境 ;矿物和岩石同位素地球化学研究可以较客观地重现矿物、岩石形成时的古环境及其演化历史。对中国第一个高放射性废物处置库预选场深部花岗岩不同深度裂隙充填矿物 (方解石、石英 )的 C、O同位素 ,Rb- Sr同位素及铀系核素的研究表明预选场深部花岗岩可分为四种不同的地球化学环境 :1浅部 (0～ 15 0 m ) ,其填隙矿物的δ1 8O(SMOW) =12 .1‰～ 13.0‰ ,δ1 3C(PDB) =- 9.5‰～ - 10 .1‰ ,δ87Sr=- 3.2 4‰～ - 1.0 9‰ ,填隙矿物形成于低温流体环境 ,为大气降水补给。 2中—上部 (15 0～ 35 0 m) ,δ1 8O(SMOW) =13.3‰～ 18.0‰ ,δ87Sr≈ 0 ,δ1 3C(PDB) =- 11.2‰～- 10 .5‰ ,填隙矿物形成时其流体来源较复杂 ,为大气降水和盆地卤水的混合流体 ,且处于弱还原环境 ;铀系核素活度数据也显示此区段地下水环境相对稳定 ,未受到现代大气降水或地下水的影响。 3中—下部花岗岩 (35 0～5 5 0 m) ,填隙矿物形成时的环境由两种不同性质的地下水控制 ,但深部地球化学环境相对稳定。 4深部 (>5 5 0 m) ,岩性相对稳定 ,地下水—花岗岩的反应处于稳定的长期平衡状态。这种地球化学环境对于高放射性废物的永久处置是有利的。     

铁屑粉煤灰微电解法预处理印染废水的研究

依据微电解的基本原理,采用铁屑粉煤灰对印染废水进行预处理。通过实验确定了影响因素和运行参数,即进水pH值为2.5~3.5,沉淀时pH值为8~8.5,反应时间为1h左右,粉煤灰/铁屑为2.0~3.0。印染废水的CODcr去除率和脱色率分别达到80%和92%以上。     

锰铁废渣作为道路基层填料的试验研究

现代工业迅猛发展的同时，也随之产生大量的工业废渣。利用工业废渣修筑道路基层，既可以达到道路基层的强度标准，也可以解决大量废渣的处理问题，具有十分重要的现实意义。论文对锰铁废渣的化学成份进行了分析，对风积土的物理力学性质进行了试验研究，获得了大量的科学数据。同时利用石灰、锰铁废渣、碎石和风积砂土作为路面基层稳定土的原材料，进行了配比试验和性能测试。在试验过程中，运用均匀设计方法安排试验，测量稳定土的各项指标。依据试验结果，采用SPSS软件进行了回归分析，得到了稳定土无侧限抗压强度的回归方程。试验结果表明，利用锰铁废渣作为道路基层的填料是可行的，既可以节约原材料的能量消耗，又可以减少环境污染，具有广泛的应用前景和显著的社会效益、环境效益与经济效益。     

Benthic communities as influenced by nuclear testing and radioactive waste disposal off Novaya Zemlya in the Russian Arctic

On the material of sampling, accomplished in: (i) Chernaya Inlet of the Barents Sea (one of the flats of Novaya Zemlya Nuclear Test Site), (ii) in the Open Kara Sea and (iii) on the shoal off Novaya Zemlya from Stepovogo Fjord to Abrosimov Fjord (sites of radioactive waste disposal with activity 90% from total for the Kara Sea), characteristics of macro-, meio- and microbenthic bottom communities on the areas of potential radioactive danger are presented. Significant changes in macro- and meiobenthic communities are not revealed. In Chernaya Inlet, where three nuclear explosions were held in 1955–1961, disturbances in microbenthic protozoa communities are found. These disturbances expressed in the infusoria elimination from the fauna of the inlet deep-water sites and in morphological abnormality of this group individuals in population, inhabiting low depth of the inlet top. The assumed origin of revealed disturbances is high concentration (by 3–4 orders of magnitude above the background) of plutonium in bottom sediments of the inlet. Similar responses of the microbenthic flagellates are not detected.     

324铀矿床近地表矿体中长寿命铀系核素和类比微量元素迁移特征

对一近地表铀矿体中某些铀系长寿命核素的放射性平衡状态和１４种微量元素迁移特征研究得出，自该铀矿床６３Ｍａ前生成至今，仅近１Ｍａ来，当上覆花岗岩遭剥蚀使矿体近地表时，矿石中天然放射性核和微量元素才因水－岩反应沿围岩破碎带，裂隙发生迁移；裂隙两侧岩石受水－岩反应影响的范围较小，裂隙面的化学组分以溶失为主，裂隙两侧粘土化花岗岩中则以核素、元素的扩散和吸附为主，最后阐述了本研究结果对高放废物处置库安全评价     

氯化钙体系对松香废水的絮凝处理

本文报道了氯化钙和硫酸铝或聚丙烯酰胺组成的处理体系对松香废水进行的絮凝研究，全面分析了福建省南平林化厂废水的物质组成和污染指标。通过正交试验，确定处理的主要影响因素。结果表明，用该体系处理松香废水，比用单一絮凝剂，能更好地降低废水的化学耗氧量，树脂及色度，为治理松香废水提供了较充分的数据。