Land disposal of river and lagoon dredged sediments

The Jacarepaguá lagoon system, in the Western part of the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, with an area of 8 km² receives the contributions of a number of rivers crossing largely populated and industrial areas without adequate sanitation and drainage. Since 1996 studies have been carried out to assist future dredging works and disposal of rivers and lagoons sediments. These studies included full characterization of these sediments and evaluation of the contamination of the dredged material with emphasis on the assessment of heavy metals. The present paper report these studies to assess a large dredging programme of about 3.8 million m³ of the river basins and 4 million m³ of lagoons sediments to be disposed inland.     

Recycling of nonmetallics

The first factor determining recyclability is the composition of the material itself. Metals, for example, can be reused with little or no loss in quality. Paper and rubber, by this criterion, are less recyclable. Each time paper is recycled, some cellulose fibers are broken. Shorter fibers can mean weaker paper of perceived lower quality and value. Vulcanizing is an irreversible chemical process that precludes recycling rubber in its original form. Both materials may be reused in other applications often of lower value than the original one. To be recyclable, the discarded material must have a collection infrastructure at the source of waste generation, at a central collection site, or at curbside. The recovered material must also have a market. If it is priced noncompetitively or no market exists, if it does not meet specifications, or if it requires special technology investments which cannot be recovered through future sales, the recovered material may be stockpiled or discarded rather than recycled.Correspondence should be directed to: Earle B. Amey, U.S. Geological Survey, National Center 983, Reston, Virginia 20192.     

根据地球物理场特征评价核废物处置场址——对疏勒河断裂带稳定性评价

以疏勒河断裂带中段及其以北的北山地区遥感地质图象特征为基础，从该地区地球物理场（包括磁场、电磁场、射气场和地温场）特征的角度，对建造高放废物处置库的稳定性进行评价，得出结论：疏勒河断裂带中段及其北山地区的地质稳定性较好，是高放废物处置库选址的有利地区。     

利用提钾废渣和粉煤灰制备矿物聚合材料的实验研究

利用富钾岩石提钾后的废渣代替硅酸钠 (钾 )、大部分高岭石和氢氧化钠 (钾 ) ,以粉煤灰为主要原料 ,制备出矿物聚合材料 ,并采用正交实验确定其优化工艺条件为 :煅烧高岭石用量为 10 %～ 15 % ,废渣用量约 35 % ,氢氧化钠用量为 5 %～ 6 %。代表性样品的 7d抗压强度可达到 4 0～ 5 0MPa ,耐酸性、耐碱性分别为 99.99%和 10 0 % ,密度1.77～ 1.88g/cm3 ,收缩率 0 .13%～ 0 .2 8% ,导热系数 0 .4 8～ 0 .5 1W/m·K ,平均硬度 3.4 3。X射线粉末衍射分析表明 ,由铝硅酸盐聚合反应形成的基体相呈非晶态。扫描电镜分析絮凝状的基体相与粉煤灰玻璃体结合紧密 ,从而为制品具备良好的力学性能提供了结构基础。该矿物聚合材料成本低廉 ,同时又能利用粉煤灰等工业固体废物而达到改善环境的目的     

Impact of wastewater discharge on the channel morphology of ephemeral streams

The impact of wastewater flow on the channel bed morphology was evaluated in four ephemeral streams in Israel and the Palestinian Territories: Nahal Og, Nahal Kidron, Nahal Qeult and Nahal Hebron. Channel changes before, during and after the halting of wastewater flow were monitored. The wastewater flow causes a shift from a dry ephemeral channel with intermittent floods to a continuous flow pattern similar to that of humid areas. Within a few months, nutrient‐rich wastewater flow leads to rapid development of vegetation along channel and bars. The colonization of part of the active channel by vegetation increases flow resistance as well as bank and bed stability, and limits sediment availability from bars and other sediment stores along the channels. In some cases the established vegetation covers the entire channel width and halts the transport of bed material along the channel. During low and medium size flood events, bars remain stable and the vegetation intact. Extreme events destroy the vegetation and activate the bars. The wastewater flow results in the development of new small bars, which are usually destroyed by flood flows. Due to the vegetation establishment, the active channel width decreases by up to 700 per cent. The deposition of fine sediment and organic material changed the sediment texture within the stable bar surface and the whole bed surface texture in Nahal Hebron. The recovery of Nahal Og after the halting of the wastewater flow was relatively fast; within two flood seasons the channel almost returned to pre‐wastewater characteristics. The results of the study could be used to indicate what would happen if wastewater flows were introduced along natural desert streams. Also, the results could be used to predict the consequences of vegetation removal as a result of human intervention within the active channel of humid streams. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

中国城市垃圾研究的典型实例——长春市垃圾普查与整治

根据垃圾在人地系统中具有的社会性、时空分异性和制约性等特点,认为中国城市垃圾研究只有在多学科综合研究的基础上,才能为解决日益紧迫的垃圾成灾问题寻找一条根治办法.以长春市为实例,开展了中国城市垃圾的研究.长春市城市垃圾在空间分布上具有丛聚性、成环性和自相似性的特点.垃圾的物质组成具有明显的时空变异特征,而且在很大程度上可受人为因素控制.追踪调查表明,大约有3/4的垃圾量来源于非居民家庭.长春市垃圾回收缺乏再生行业支持.兴办垃圾产业可望成为整治城市垃圾并推动地区经济增长的一项有效措施.根据城市垃圾的基本特征并应用综合治理的理念,提出了符合长春市市情的10项治理措施.     

贵州工业固体废物资源化探讨

分析了贵州工业固体废物的现状、主要特点和发展趋势，探讨了资源化的主要途径和具体措施。     

用层次分析法评价草浆造纸废水治理技术

文章用层次分析的方法建立评价禾草帛浆造纸废水治理工艺方案的指标关系。给出了计算方法，并就目前我国应用较多，影响较大的4种式工艺方案。利用层次分析的方法对其各评价指标进行计算。对比，评价，然后求出最优结果，层次分析中所确定的评价禾草帛浆造纸废水治理方案的12个评价指标，全面反映了禾草帛浆造纸废水治理工艺方案的环境效益，经济效益和社会效益等方面的内容，并且用层次分析法计算出的造纸废水治理工艺方案评价指标的权重值，相对比较准确可信，有助于科学决策。     

用离子交换法分离测定废旧催化剂中铜,锌,铬,铝和钛

用732型强酸性阳离子交换树脂连续分离废旧催化剂中的铜、锌、铬、铝和钛5种组份。经标液和混合标液多次试验,回收率均在97—100％之间。通过样品分析表明,完全能满足回收废旧催化剂的分析要求。