Condensation particle counting below 2 nm seed particle diameter and the transition from heterogeneous to homogeneous nucleation

Particle detection by condensation particle counters (CPCs) is ultimately limited by the onset of homogeneous nucleation. At vapour supersaturations around the homogeneous nucleation limit the diameter of critical clusters is typically about 2 nm. It is widely assumed that only particles larger than critical clusters can be activated by vapour condensation and the general detection limit of CPCs is therefore currently accepted to be around 2 nm particle diameter. Using an expansion type CPC with n-propanol as working fluid we investigated the transition from heterogeneous to homogeneous nucleation, clearly showing that particles are activated much before the onset of homogeneous nucleation, even at particle diameters as small as 1.4 nm. For particle diameters below 2 nm we have usually found condensation particle counting to be influenced by the simultaneous presence of ions as generated in a bipolar diffusion charger. In this paper we illustrate how the presence of ions influences particle number concentration measurement and how ions can be removed in order to obtain accurate seed particle number concentrations for particle diameters down to 1 nm.     

Displacement barrier heights from experimental nucleation rate data

Nucleation phenomena have a great importance in many areas of science. However, the main theoretical tool to analyse these phenomena, the classical nucleation theory (CNT), has known weaknesses. A decade ago a nucleation theorem based correction to CNT was developed [McGraw, R., Laaksonen, A., 1996. Scaling properties of the critical nucleus in classical and molecular-based theories of vapor–liquid nucleation. Phys. Rev. Lett. 76, 2754–2757]. We have analysed experimental nucleation rate data of two homologous series of molecular fluids in terms of this scaling relation. Our first results suggest possible universal functional form for correction to the temperature dependence of CNT.     

热液矿床矿物微形貌与晶体生长环境研究

应用高分辨率扫描隧道显微镜(STM)和场效应扫描电镜(FEG SEM),对取自山西义兴寨金矿等4处热液矿床的黄铁矿、方铅矿、赤铁矿等矿物的表面生长微形貌进行了观察研究,并与实验合成的黄铁矿、方铅矿等矿物的微形貌特征进行对比。发现了自然矿物结晶三维成核成因的黄铁矿微球状晶,在合成和自然矿物的晶面观察到漏斗状晶和胞状结构等生长形貌。合成黄铁矿表面发育平整光滑的生长台阶,反映静态无扰动、接近平衡的晶体生长环境;而大量产于热液矿床的黄铁矿、方铅矿等晶体普遍发育胞状或拉长的胞状结构表面,并总体呈台阶状排列的表面结构,证明自然成矿热液体系的高过饱和度和流动生长环境。研究表明,热液成矿过程中矿物结晶作用有从成核、台阶状晶体生长、到形成“平衡”多面体生长的一个演化过程;形成于复杂条件的矿物晶体表面微观结构,包含丰富的成矿环境信息。     

人工防雹实用催化方法数值研究

目前,我国普遍采用高炮和火箭两种催化工具进行人工防雹,但就如何提高这两种作业工具的有效性还缺乏系统的研究.作者利用三维冰雹云数值催化模式,选取1999年7月18日陕西省旬邑地区的冰雹云作为试验个例,分别就高炮催化不同的作业时间、催化剂量、作业部位、催化方式等,以及对火箭催化所携带的高效AgI焰剂的成核率与火箭在作业过程中以不同的发射距离、发射仰角和当火箭方位角发生偏离后对地面防雹效果的影响进行数值模拟,以期为提高防雹效果提供一些技术参考.     

A two-stage model of fracture of rocks

In this paper we propose a two-stage model of rock fracture. In the first stage, cracks or local regions of failure are uncorrelated and occur randomly throughout the rock in response to loading of pre-existing flaws. As damage accumulates in the rock, there is a gradual increase in the probability that large clusters of closely spaced cracks or local failure sites will develop. Based on statistical arguments, a critical density of damage will occur where clusters of flaws become large enough to lead to larger-scale failure of the rock (stage two). While crack interaction and cooperative failure is expected to occur within clusters of closely spaced cracks, the initial development of clusters is predicted based on the random variation in pre-existing flaw populations. Thus the onset of the unstable second stage in the model can be computed from the generation of random, uncorrelated damage. The proposed model incorporates notions of the kinetic (and therefore time-dependent) nature of the strength of solids as well as the discrete hierarchic structure of rocks and the flaw populations that lead to damage accumulation. The advantage offered by this model is that its salient features are valid for fracture processes occurring over a wide range of scales including earthquake processes. A notion of the rank of fracture (fracture size) is introduced, and criteria are presented for both fracture nucleation and the transition of the failure process from one scale to another.     

Coupled degassing and crystallization: experimental study at continuous pressure drop, with application to volcanic bombs

 Experiments on degassing of water-saturated granite melts with a pressure drop from 100 and 450 MPa to 40 and 120 MPa, respectively, at temperatures close to feldspar liquidus (750–700  °C), were carried out to determine the modality of water exsolution and vesicle formation at the liquidus temperature. Pressure-drop rates as small as approximately 100 bar/day were used. Uniform space distributions of bubbles of exsolved water were obtained with starting glass containing a small fraction (≈0.5 vol.%) of trapped air bubbles. Volume crystallization of feldspar was observed in degassed melts supplied with seeds. Bubble size distributions (BSD) measured in granite glasses after degassing are presented. Data on vesicle characteristics (number, radius, area, elongation) were acquired on images digitized with standard software, while the reconstruction of size distributions was performed with the Schwartz-Saltikov "unfolding" procedure. Bubble size distributions of size classes in the range 5–1000 μm were acquired with proper magnification and satisfactory statistical reliability of determined number densities. The BSDs of the experimental samples are compared with the results of measurements of rapidly degassed products of Mt. Etna and Vulcano Island. Many particular features of the bubble nucleation and growth can be distinguished in an individual BSD. However, the general BSD of the whole data set, including natural ones, can be relatively well described with linear regression in bilogarithmic coordinates. The slope of this regression is approximately 2.8±0.1. This dependence is in striking contrast with distributions theoretically predicted with classical nucleation models based on homogeneous nucleation of vesicles. The theoretical distribution requires the occurrence of strong maxima that are not observed in our experimental and natural samples, thus arguing for heterogeneous nucleation mechanisms. Received: 1 October 1998 / Accepted: 25 June 1999     

孕震类型与应变成核的实验研究

根据岩石强度的差异，组合成不同类型的试样，采用不同的加力方式，模拟不同的地震孕震类型，用多功能高频地震勘探仪和光线示波器对比记录各测点的应变变化。实验结果发现，在岩石主破裂前，不同类型试样各点应变都出现趋势性变化；除软包体型试样外，各点应变除趋势性变化外，都出现应变突变。据此提出应变成核概念。     

A two-moment parameterization of aerosol nucleation and impaction scavenging for a warm cloud microphysics: description and results from a two-dimensional simulation

A new two-moment warm bulk scheme has been developed including explicitly nucleation and impaction scavenging of aerosol particles as well as all other microphysical processes. The scheme is built upon a quasispectral representation of the aerosol particle, cloud droplet and raindrop distributions. It predicts mixing ratios and number concentrations for each category. Each process is treated explicitly and independently to establish an analytic expression for each contribution for the time-dependant microphysical equations. The scheme has been tested in the dynamical framework of a two-dimensional kinematic model, developed for the Hawaiian Rainband Project (HaRP, 1990). In this frame, the scheme has performed reasonably well compared to the observations as well as to other similar parameterization schemes, and to the spectral model DESCAM.Sensitivity tests demonstrate the great sensitivity of the scheme to the initial aerosol spectrum characteristics. Moreover, they have also shown its capability to calculate nucleation and impaction scavenging and to follow the taken up particle mass in the cloud and raindrop spectra until the deposition on the ground by the rain.Therefore, the parameterization offers a possibility of treating the evolution of the liquid phase of the cloud together with the aerosol particle scavenging. However, due to the severe limitations of a two-dimensional kinematic model, the scheme needs to be further validated in a three-dimensional dynamical model.     

碘化银核化过程的数值模拟研究

根据DeMott等给出的不同成核机制下AgI成核效率的实验结果 ,通过数值模拟的方法 ,研究了AgI粒子在云室、层状云和对流云中的核化过程。通过对云室的模拟 ,发现云滴浓度和云雾持续时间是造成不同云室检测的AgI成核率相差悬殊的主要原因。数值试验结果表明AgI的成核方式在层状云和对流云中有很大不同 :层状云中AgI主要以接触冻结、浸没冻结等慢核化过程为主 ,而对流云中则以凝结冻结过程为主。     

变质岩中变斑晶成核生长及旋转问题的述评

发生递进变形的变质岩中,斑晶成核生长于变形分解作用的递进缩短带内,斑晶的大小受两侧递进剪切变形带的限制。除少数螺旋状石榴石外,产于共轴或非共轴递进不均匀缩短变形过程中的斑晶不发生旋转,斑晶内部包体形迹(Si)反映外部面理(Se)的再活化。利用未旋转斑晶中的包体形迹可以确定早期面理的取向,寻找构造演化的时间标志,确定褶皱轴迹等,本文给出了斑晶中包体形迹弯曲的成因模式图。