作物霜冻与低温强度及冰核菌密度的关系

应用辐射型霜箱进行控制试验，研究玉米霜冻害程度与低温强度和冰核菌密度的关系。结果表明逻辑斯蒂克(logistic)方程只有在没有冰核菌或冰核菌密度很小的条件下才能描述霜冻与温度的关系，而理查兹(Richards)方程能够在各种冰核菌密度下很好地描述三者的关系。进而讨论了这种关系在确定霜冻指标，制作霜冻预报，选用防霜方法等方面的应用。     

气溶胶核化清除的化学效应──Ⅱ：动力学参数对云滴化学非均匀性的影响

运用已建立的气溶胶核化清除的物理化学模式，研究了云的动力学因子（如：气块上升速度、夹卷作用）对云滴化学非均匀性的影响。计算结果表明：较强烈的云发展（较大的气块上升速度）可加强由于气溶胶核化和云滴凝结增长造成的云滴化学的非均匀程度。夹卷作用抑制了云的发展，因而减弱了这种非均匀程度。夹卷作用同时也造成总体液态水中Ｓ（ＶＩ）、Ｈ＋等浓度的增加，在Ｓｍａｘ附近可达１个量级。如果考虑气溶胶粒子的夹卷，则可使气块内云滴污染物浓度随云滴大小的变化更加复杂化，如：不仅云滴污染物浓度随云滴大小而变化，即使对于相同大小的云滴之间，其污染物浓度也可相差很大。     

云中可溶性物质对冰核化影响的实验研究

用冷台冻滴和２ｍ３云室试验相结合的方法，研究了云中可溶性物质对冰核化的影响。实验结果表明，一般云中观测到的可溶性盐类气溶胶（如ＮａＣｌ、（ＮＨ４）２ＳＯ４等）在温度高于－１８℃时不易成为冰核。而高浓度的可溶性铵盐（如（ＮＨ４）２ＳＯ４，ＮＨＣｌ等）则能显著提高ＡｇＩ的成冰温度。（ＮＨ４）２ＳＯ４能使ＡｇＩ成冰晶数在－１０℃提高２个量级，－６℃提高约１个量级。该结果对人工催化技术有一定指导意义。     

气溶胶核化清除的化学效应 I：云滴化学非均匀性的研究

本文将水汽在云滴上凝结增长的物理过程与气溶胶、气体的化学过程相结合，对气溶胶核化清除的化学效应进行了研究。 计算结果表明:气溶胶的核化清除造成了云滴化学成分随云滴大小分布的非均匀性，这种非均匀性又对云滴内发生的气体吸收、液相氧化产生影响。 本文还比较了不同污染状况下，不同大小的云滴内气溶胶核化清除与液相氧化对云滴化学的相对贡献的差异。 因此，这种云滴化学的非均匀性(云微化学)的研究对于云化学的野外观测及数值模拟都是重要的。     

Verification of our previous definition of preferred earthquake nucleation areas in Kanto-Tokai, Japan

We have proposed that points of future initiation of rupture may be mapped, based on minima in local recurrence times, which are equivalent to local maxima in the probability for main shocks to occur. These minima are often controlled by anomalously low b-values (logN = a − bM). Of the Kanto-Tokai area, approximately 12% showed anomalously short recurrence times and was proposed as asperities, based on seismicity up to 1999. During the period 1999–2003.5, about 75% of the earthquakes with M ≥ 3.5 fell into the asperities, earlier defined (for example 19 out of 23 M ≥ 3.8 events). The probability for this to occur by chance is approximately 2 10^− 14. This supports our idea that the most likely volumes to produce main shocks may be mapped by minima in local recurrence times.     

Mechanical model of precursory source proces for strong earthquakes in western Yun－nanarea——conceptandnumericalsimula┐tion

Ｍｅｃｈａｎｉｃａｌｍｏｄｅｌｏｆｐｒｅｃｕｒｓｏｒｙｓｏｕｒｃｅｐｒｏ┐ｃｅｓｆｏｒｓｔｒｏｎｇｅａｒｔｈｑｕａｋｅｓｉｎｗｅｓｔｅｒｎＹｕｎ┐ｎａｎａｒｅａ——ｃｏｎｃｅｐｔａｎｄｎｕｍｅｒｉｃａｌｓｉｍｕｌａ┐ｔｉｏｎＹＯＵ－ＪＩＮＳＵ（苏有...     

震源成核过程研究综述

大地震相应于断裂的快速传播。震源核是启动这个快速传播的断裂的动态体（或动态过程）。这个动态体或动态过程可以是震源端部的传播速度由慢渐快的裂缝，其内可有静态的或动态的应力化学腐蚀过程。可以是大震震源断层预滑时某处的突然快速失稳区，也可以是震源断层面上某一部分在临震前物性变弱而在其端部产生应力集中的一个动态体；另外，还可以是深部高压高温流体强迫插入积累巨大弹性应变能的地段的动态体。以上这些动态体或动态     

1976年云南龙陵7．4级地震序列分析

地震成核是地震孕育过程中的一个至关重要的阶段，加速是成核过程的一个属性，也是地震失稳破裂的一个必要条件．地震加速释放是成核在脆性层中的大地震的普遍前兆，且可将该加速过程简要地概括为地震释放速率正比于失稳破裂剩余时间的负幂．基于这一原理，对１９７６年５月２９日云南龙陵Ｍ_ｓ７．４级地震序列进行回顾性分析，表明主震及后续显著地震的失稳破裂时间和震级可成功地被估算，但要求所测系数ｒ^２     

On the effect of the chemical composition of atmospheric aerosol particles on nucleation scavenging and the formation of a cloud interstitial aerosol

Nucleation scavenging and the formation of a cloud interstitial aerosol (CIA) were theoretically studied in terms of the chemical composition of atmospheric aerosol particles. For this study, we used our air-parcel cloud model, which includes the entrainment of air and detailed microphysics, for determining the growth and interaction of aerosol particles and drops. Maritime and remote continental aerosol particle spectrums were used whose size distributions were superpositions of three log-normal distributions, each of a prescribed chemical composition. Our results show (1) that the CIA exhibits a size distribution with a distinctive cut-off at a specific radius of the dry as well as of the wet particle size distribution. All particles above this limiting size become activated to cloud drops and, thus, are not present in the CIA spectrum. This limiting size was found to be independent of the chemical composition of the particles and only dependent on the prevailing supersaturation. Below this specific size, the CIA spectrum becomes depleted of dry aerosol particles in a manner which does depend on their chemical composition and on the supersaturation in the air. (2) The number of aerosol particles nucleated to cloud drops depends critically on the chemical composition of the particles and on the prevailing supersaturation.     

Growth of homogeneously nucleated water droplets: a quantitative comparison of experiment and theory

The formation of aerosols proceeds through nucleation, growth and aging stages. The understanding of nucleation and droplet growth is essential for handling the more complex atmospheric condensation processes. To achieve this goal, measurements of the nucleation rate of various systems are performed in an expansion chamber. In this manner nucleation and growth are decoupled by applying a short nucleation pulse of about 1 ms during which the nuclei are formed. The subsequent droplet growth is quantitatively monitored by Mie-scattering. To this end, the Mie-maxima and -minima are detected as a function of time and compared to theoretical Mie-scattering calculations for increasing radii. In this fashion, a wealth of growth curves for pure water depending on supersaturations, number densities of droplets, and temperatures were obtained. Following the approach of Fuchs and Sutugin [Fuchs, N.A., Sutugin, A.G., 1970. Highly Dispersed Aerosols. Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Ann Arbor; Fuchs, N.A., Sutugin, A.G., 1971. In: Hidy, G.M., Brock, J.R. (Eds.), International Reviews in Aerosol Physics and Chemistry: Topics in Current Aerosol Research (Part 2), Pergamon, New York, p. 1], we calculated theoretical growth curves taking into account the depletion of water vapor, the increase of droplet- and system-temperature, temperature-dependent functions of the diffusion coefficient, surface tension, liquid density and latent heat of condensation. The calculated growth curves and experimental data for 230, 240 and 250 K with number densities of droplets between 5×10² and 2×10⁶ droplets/cm³ yield quantitative agreement between theory and experiment. This is remarkable in so far as the theory contains no adjustable parameters and assumes the sticking probability of the vapor molecules to be unity. Using a sticking probability smaller than 0.8 in the calculation leads to growth functions already outside the experimental error.