Porosity and pathway determination in crystalline rock by positron emission tomography and neutron radiography

This study demonstrates that positron emission tomography (PET) and neutron radiography (NR) techniques are complementary methods for determining the fluid pathway and porosity in crystalline rock. After preliminary injection of an organic solvent (e.g. isopropanol) front followed by the injection of the polymer solution (e.g. epoxy used for both techniques) and resin hardening, rock cutting may be performed. Flow pathway may be imaged by using a β⁺ emitter (e.g. ⁶⁸Ga) in the resin. With a high-resolution PET camera, determination of the original water carrier features is possible in granodiorite pieces 20 cm in size and in simulated features with porosities of the order of 0.2. The use of a β⁺ tracer and the camera field, however, limit the lateral resolution of the technique (10 mm). Neutron radiography makes it possible to visualize the simulated porous phases by neutron transmission. The transmission process depends on the neutron scattering properties of the hydrogen-rich material (e.g. epoxy resin). Combination of 2D pictures may rebuild the 3D pattern. Lateral resolution may be in the range of 1 mm; however, the thickness of the rock sample must not exceed 10 cm. Complementarity of these techniques is discussed and they are compared with other methods used to determine porosity.     

不同成因类型致密砂岩气成藏过程及机理研究进展

根据前人大量的研究成果,总结了致密砂岩气成藏过程和机理的研究进展。根据成因将其分为致密常规、致密深盆和致密复合砂岩气藏。致密深盆气和常规致密气成藏过程分别为:储层致密化→气体充注→聚集成藏、烃源岩生排烃→运聚成藏→储层致密化→构造改善。而致密常规和深盆砂岩气在构造叠合作用下则形成致密复合砂岩气藏。常规油气藏的背斜、断层、水动力等封闭机理适用于常规致密砂岩气藏。致密深盆砂岩气成藏机理包括水体封闭、上浮受阻、侧向断层-垂向页岩封闭、地层-成岩作用复合封闭、动态平衡圈闭和驱动压差等成藏封闭机理。其中,学者们较为公认的是动态平衡封闭机理。这种机理实质上为力学平衡与物质平衡共同作用下的动态圈闭系统,但仍存在某些方面的不确定性。所以为了更清晰地认识与研究不同地区致密砂岩气成藏机制,结合实际地质演化的特殊性进行综合判断将为其勘探开发提供一定的理论依据与指导。     

苏北盆地白驹凹陷洋心次凹泰一段孔隙演化特征分析

针对研究区油气勘探程度较低的现状,从岩石学特征、储层特征研究入手,在成岩作用和成岩序列分析的基础上,将成岩作用类型分为两类,分别对泰一段上、下亚段定量分析了储层孔隙演化特征,并建立了孔隙演化模式,深化了储层形成过程及影响因素的认识。研究认为,孔隙演化特征主要受沉积环境、物源及物源区母岩性质、成岩作用、构造作用等因素的共同控制。     

华南南岭地区石英脉型钨矿床蚀变晕形成机制

中国地质工作者在20世纪80年代已发现南岭地区许多石英脉型钨矿床的蚀变晕宽度随深度递减,然而这一蚀变特征的形成机制至今仍未得到较好的解释。通过模拟热液运移和硅从裂隙带向邻近围岩的扩散过程,发现流体温度和围岩孔隙度是影响石英脉型钨矿床蚀变特征的重要变量。高温和高孔隙度会加速硅从裂隙向邻近围岩扩散,从而形成较宽的蚀变。在围岩孔隙度均一分布的情况下,由于深部温度高于浅部,深部围岩蚀变宽于浅部蚀变。围岩孔隙度随深度递减会抵消温度对硅扩散速率的影响,使深部围岩形成较窄的蚀变。围岩孔隙度随深度递减可能是形成石英脉型钨矿床蚀变宽度随深度减小的有效机制。前人将钨矿蚀变特征归因于岩浆热液过渡性流体不均一的物理性质,该研究为这一科学问题提供新的解释。     

鄂尔多斯盆地华庆地区长6_3储层成藏期孔隙度定量演化及致密成因机理

基于鄂尔多斯盆地华庆地区长6_3致密砂岩储层三角洲前缘及半深湖相的稳定沉积特征,按照碎屑岩成岩演化特征或地质综合效应建立与孔隙度对应的模拟方程。采用铸体薄片及扫描电镜描述岩石的矿物组分及孔隙类型;图像粒度获取碎屑颗粒的结构特征及分选性;利用沉积微相、测井、样品取样点常规物性及深度分析获取沉积环境、埋藏深度、物性;结合古温度、镜质组反射率、最高热解温度、粘土矿物等数据,开展成岩作用、孔隙演化、相对高渗成因的研究;结合研究区埋藏史、古地温研究,基于不同成岩作用下孔隙度演化特征分析华庆油田长6_3储层致密成因机理。目的层主要属于压实型成岩改造类型,差异性成岩演化过程是导致储层物性不同和孔隙结构差异的根本原因。     

基于声波阻抗估算印度安达曼海天然气水合物饱和度

印度国家天然气水合物01航次NGHP01-17井测井资料表明,安达曼海的薄层火山灰中存在天然气水合物,饱和度高达孔隙空间的20%。BSR上厚度为20 m地层的水合物饱和度约为10%。利用稀疏脉冲反演了含水合物层的声波阻抗剖面,基于测井获得声波阻抗与饱和水孔隙度之间的关系,计算了地层饱和水孔隙度剖面,结合阿尔奇公式估算了地震剖面的水合物饱和度。从地震数据计算的天然气水合物饱和度占孔隙空间的6%~15%,局部饱和度高达20%,在空间分布上具有不均匀性。     

裂缝的双侧向测井响应的数学模型及裂缝孔隙度的定量解释

根据裂缝双侧向测井响应的特征,裂缝分３种状态：低角度裂缝、倾斜裂缝和高角度裂缝,给出了判断裂缝状态的方法;建立了裂缝的双侧向测井响应与裂缝孔隙度、裂缝内流体电导率、基岩电导率之间的函数关系;得出人工估算和计算机精确计算裂缝孔隙度的两套反演公式及相应计算方法．     

The aerodynamic behaviour of volcanic aggregates

A large proportion of solid material transported within the atmosphere during volcanic eruptions consists of particles less than 500 m in diameter. The majority of these particles become incorporated into a wide range of aggregate types, the aerodynamic behaviour of which has not been determined by either direct observation or in the laboratory. In the absence of such data, theoretical models of fallout from volcanic plumes make necessarily crude assumptions about aggregate densities and fall velocities. Larger volcanic ejecta often consists of pumice of lower than bulk density. Experimental data are presented for the fall velocities of porous aggregates and single particles, determined in systems analogous to that of ejecta falling from a volcanic plume. It is demonstrated that the fall of aggregates may be modelled in identical fashion to single particles by using a reduced aggregate density dependent on the porosity, and a size corresponding to an enclosing sphere. Particles incorporated into aggregates attain a substantially higher fall velocity than single particles. This is due to the larger physical dimensions of the aggregate, which overcomes the effect of lower aggregate density. Additionally, the internal porosity of the aggregate allows some flow of fluid through the aggregate and this results in a small increase in fall velocity. The increase in fall velocity of particles incorporated into aggregates, rather than falling individually, results in the enhanced removal of fine material from volcanic plumes.     

裂缝的双侧向测井响应的数学模型及裂缝孔隙度的定量解释

根据裂缝双侧向测井响应的特征，裂缝分３种状态：低角度裂缝、倾斜裂缝和高角度裂缝，给出了判断裂缝状态的方法；建立了裂缝的双侧向测井响应与裂缝孔隙度、裂缝内流体电导率、基岩电导率之间的函数关系；得出人工估算和计算机精确计算裂缝孔隙度的两套反演公式及相应计算方法．