新疆北天山中东段地区震源参数研究

本文首先利用经验格林函数方法证明了新疆北天山中东段地区的震源谱基本满足ω-2 模型。在此基础上 ,通过对S波观测谱中的噪音、仪器、路径、场地等影响的逐一消除 ,得到了研究区 10 5次ML2 5～ 5 7地震的震源谱 ,进而根据Brune的圆盘震源模型计算了地震矩、应力降、震源半径等震源参数。结果表明 ,这些地震的标量地震矩M0 与ML 震级线性相关较好 ,关系为Log10 M0 =1 10ML+ 17 2 0 ;震源半径在 10 0～ 15 0 0m之间 ;应力降介于 1～ 16 0bar之间 ,优势分布于 1～ 10 0bar。地震矩与拐角频率的关系呈现出两段趋势 ,可能表明了研究区震源的多重标度特征 :当M0 小于 4× 10 2 1dyne cm时 (相当于ML4 0地震 ) ,应力降显示出对M0 有依赖关系 ;当M0 大于 4× 10 2 1dyne cm时 ,地震的应力降不依赖于M0 。     

Rock albedo and monitoring of thermal conditions in respect of weathering: some expected and some unexpected results

Broadly speaking, there is, at least within geomorphic circles, a general acceptance that rocks with low albedos will warm both faster and to higher temperatures than rocks with high albedos, reflectivity influencing radiative warming. Upon this foundation are built notions of weathering in respect of the resulting thermal differences, both at the grain scale and at the scale of rock masses. Here, a series of paving bricks painted in 20 per cent reflectivity intervals from black through to white were used to monitor albedo‐influenced temperatures at a site in northern Canada in an attempt to test this premise. Temperatures were collected, for five months, for the rock surface and the base of the rock, the blocks being set within a mass of local sediment. Resulting thermal data did indeed show that the dark bricks were warmer than the white but only when their temperatures were equal to or cooler than the air temperature. As brick temperature exceeded that of the air, so the dark and light bricks moved to parity; indeed, the white bricks frequently became warmer than the dark. It is argued that this ‘negating’ of the albedo influence on heating is a result of the necessity of the bricks, both white and black, to convect heat away to the surrounding cooler air; the darker brick, being hotter, initially convects faster than the white as a product of the temperature difference between the two media. Thus, where the bricks become significantly hotter than the air, they lose energy to that air and so their respective temperatures become closer, the albedo influence being superceded by the requirement to equilibrate with the surrounding air. It is argued that this finding will have importance to our understanding of weathering in general and to our perceptions of weathering differences between different lithologies. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

西藏松西地区辉绿玢岩岩石化学、地球化学特征及构造环境

青藏高原南羌塘石炭纪-二叠世地层中侵入大量的辉绿玢岩岩墙群，其侵位时代为晚古生代。区域资料显示，这一时期该地区处于冈瓦纳大陆北部边缘。岩石化学、地球化学特征表明，辉绿玢岩与洋脊型、洋岛型及典型的大陆裂谷玄武岩都有明显区别，显示出大陆拉张带（或初始裂谷）的拉斑玄武岩特征。辉绿玢岩是冈瓦纳被动陆缘在晚古生代裂解的产物。     

电子探针测年方法应用于粤北长江岩体的铀矿物年龄研究

晶质铀矿被认为是花岗岩型铀矿成矿的主要矿源提供者,在评价岩体的含矿性和确定成岩成矿年龄方面有重要意义。长江岩体属于诸广山复式岩体的一部分,是粤北地区重要的产铀花岗岩体,本文利用电子探针对该岩体中的铀矿物进行研究。结果表明:长江岩体中的铀矿物多以充填或被黄铁矿包围的形式存在,或者分布于石英、黑云母、绿泥石等矿物中;铀矿物类型主要有晶质铀矿、沥青铀矿、铀石、铀钍石四种。晶质铀矿/沥青油矿的化学年龄值可分为三组:~155 Ma、~106 Ma和~74 Ma。第一组年龄代表岩体的形成时代,后两组年龄代表铀矿的多期次成矿作用年龄。铀矿物从成岩后到~106 Ma,成分没有发生明显变化,直到~74 Ma后才发生明显的U元素活化、迁移。因此,可以推测长江岩体地区主要的铀矿成矿期应发生在~74 Ma及之后。     

羌塘盆地隆鄂尼—昂达尔错古油藏逆冲推覆构造隆升

沿隆鄂尼—昂达尔错古油藏发现大量逆冲推覆构造,如北雷错东西两侧、隆鄂尼西北侧、比洛错东南侧、鲁雄错东西两侧,侏罗系烃源岩及含油白云岩沿低角度缓倾斜断层自北向南逆冲推覆于上白垩统红层之上,昂达尔错西北侧中侏罗统含油碳酸盐岩和碎屑岩自北向南逆冲推覆于三叠系灰黑色碎屑岩之上,形成不同规模的逆冲岩席、逆冲岩片、飞来峰和构造窗。高分辨率二维地震反射剖面显示,隆鄂尼—昂达尔错古油藏深部发育多重逆冲推覆构造;比洛错中侏罗统含油白云岩沿顶部双重推覆构造自北向南运移7~11km和12~15km,分别形成隆鄂尼古油藏和德如日古油藏;下伏三叠系及石炭系—二叠系沿底部双重推覆构造自北向南发生大规模逆冲推覆,前锋被向北逆冲的反向断层切割错断。野外观测表明,隆鄂尼—昂达尔错古油藏与羌中隆起北侧油苗带之间发育大量侏罗系逆冲岩席和飞来峰;深地震反射剖面构造解释进一步揭示,三叠系和侏罗系海相烃源岩经历自北羌塘向南羌塘长距离逆冲推覆构造运动,自北向南逆冲推覆运动导致侏罗系烃源岩及中侏罗统含油白云岩构造隆升,形成昂达尔错、隆鄂尼、德如日等古油藏。隆鄂尼—昂达尔错古油藏逆冲推覆及构造隆升主要发生于晚白垩世—古近纪。     

鄂尔多斯盆地北部砂岩型铀矿铀矿物地质地球化学特征及其成因意义

鄂尔多斯盆地北部已发现系列砂岩型铀矿,由东往西依次有东胜铀矿、杭锦旗(纳岭沟)铀矿、大营铀矿等大型、特大型矿床,成为我国目前砂岩型铀矿发现规模最大、最具远景的地区。研究表明,它们具有相似的矿床地质特征和形成环境。在矿床成矿作用研究中,铀的存在形式及铀矿物特征对砂岩铀矿来说是一项重要的内容,其认识对铀的地浸开采可提供重要依据,也是了解砂岩型铀矿形成机制或矿床形成环境及成因的重要信息。本文主要从三个方面对鄂尔多斯盆地北部大营铀矿、纳岭沟铀矿等主要砂岩型铀矿中铀矿物地质地球化学特征和成因进行了研究和探讨。通过电子探针测试,高分辨率扫描电镜观察等手段,认为盆地北部铀矿的铀矿物类型主要为铀石,含少量的沥青铀矿、钛铀矿、水硅铀石、钍铀石等;铀矿物常与黄铁矿、有机质(煤屑)及方解石相伴生。采用逐级化学提取等方法定量地分析了铀矿物占矿石中铀配分的比例关系,认为其中铀矿物和吸附态约各占铀存在形式的50%。首次对砂岩型铀矿的铀矿物进行微区原位LA-ICP-MS稀土元素分析,认为ΣREE在铀矿物铀石中高度富集,是矿石中稀土元素的主要载体;稀土元素是铀矿石中可综合利用的有益组份,其标准化曲线表现为明显的右倾型,轻稀土富集,轻重稀土分馏强烈,δEu和δCe具较弱的负异常,说明总体上铀矿化形成于外生后成环境。从上述铀矿物特征,初步探讨了铀矿化形成的环境与成因,认为铀矿化形成经历了至少为低温流体作用的环境;铀矿化形成于浅部地壳即外生后成环境而与深源作用无关。     

Use of an inside buffer method to extract the extent of urban areas from DMSP/OLS nighttime light data in North China

Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP)/Operational Linescan System (OLS) nighttime imagery provides a valuable data source for mapping urban areas. However, the spatial extents of large cities are often overestimated because of the effect of over-glow from nighttime light if a fixed thresholding technique is used. In the work reported here, an inside buffer method was developed to solve this issue. The method is based on the fact that the area overestimated is proportional to the extent of the lit area if a fixed threshold is used to extract urban areas in a region/county. Using this method, the extents of urban areas in North China were extracted and validated by interpretations from Landsat Thematic Mapper images. The results showed that the lit areas had a significant linear relationship with the urban areas for 120 representative cities in North China in 2000, with an R² value of over 0.95. This demonstrates that the inside buffer method can be used to extract urban areas. The validation results showed that the inside buffer model developed in 2000 can be directly used to extract the extent of urban areas using more recent nighttime light imagery. This is of great value for the timely updating of urban area databases in large regions or countries.     

羌塘地区榴辉岩中矿物出溶体及其成因机制探讨

西藏羌塘地区榴辉岩石榴子石和磷灰石中均发育矿物出溶体,结合电子探针和扫描电镜分析及能谱分析,确定了石榴子石中的出溶体有金红石、石英和角闪石,指示其可能经历了高压/超高压变质作用。本研究在磷灰石中发现了金红石出溶,并认为其可能是在高压/超高压条件下元素相互置换的结果,置换方式为Ti~(4+)(Fe~(2+)、Si~(4+))=2Ca~(2+),这些出溶体的形成为榴辉岩曾经历高压/超高压变质作用提供了矿物学证据。     

大兴安岭北部新林石英二长岩-花岗岩的地球化学特征及其成因

对额尔古纳地块东南部新林镇附近的侵入岩进行了锆石U-Pb年龄测定、Lu-Hf同位素和岩石地球化学研究。结果表明,岩体形成于141.1~123.8 Ma,是早白垩世岩浆活动的产物。新林石英二长岩-花岗岩高硅较富铝贫镁,属于准铝质、高钾钙碱性系列;具有中等-弱负Eu异常(δEu=0.53~0.72),轻重稀土分异比较明显[(La/Yb)_N=12.42~25.38];相对富集大离子亲石元素Rb、Th、U和LREE,高场强元素Ti、Nb、Ta、P和HREE表现出亏损。新林石英二长岩-花岗岩具有高Sr、低Yb及低Y的特征,且相对富K,属于C型埃达克岩,形成于加厚下地壳的部分熔融。Lu-Hf同位素研究显示其ε_(Hf)(t)为2.1~6.2,二阶段模式年龄(T_(DM2))为1025~786 Ma,认为其岩浆源区为新元古代增生的地壳物质。