Decadal Trends in Oxygen Concentration in Subsurface Waters of the Northeast Pacific Ocean

Previous studies have shown decreasing oxygen concentration (O₂) in subsurface waters of the continental slope from California to Canada since about 1980. With longer time series we show that from southern California to northern Canada increasing O₂ preceded these decreases from 1950 to about 1980. Because there has been no clear trend since 1950, we cannot yet conclude that anthropogenic climate change is the cause of these decreasing trends after 1980. These findings are based mainly on O₂ on the 26.7 potential density (σ_θ) surface in the region north of 30°N and east of 170°W, covering both the continental margin and deep-sea regions. On the continental slope, O₂ increased at most locations by 10 to 20?µmol?kg^?1 to about 1980, followed by declines of similar magnitude in recent years. Changes in O₂ were associated with changes in temperature of the opposite sign south of 37°N, but correlation of temperature and O₂ is irregular in more northerly locations. At all locations, temperature-related solubility change was a minor cause of these O₂ trends. In deep-sea waters, O₂ decreased with time with a more rapid decrease from about 1995 to about 2003. At Ocean Station P (OSP; 50°N, 145°W), which has the longest uninterrupted record of observations, significant linear trends of ?0.4 to ?0.5?µmol?kg^?1?y^?1 were found on the 26.5, 26.7, and 26.9 σ_θ surfaces. In addition, a significant sinusoidal oscillation of period 18.61 years and amplitude of 18?µmol?kg^?1 was found on the 26.9 σ_θ surface at OSP and a station 400?km to the east, which fits reasonably well with the lunar nodal cycle. The phase of this oscillation was identical at both locations. Clear evidence of similar variability did not emerge at other open-ocean locations or along the continental slope.     

The efficacy of Kriging spatial interpolation for filling temporal gaps in daily air temperature data: A case study in northeast China

Quality-controlled and serially complete daily air temperature data are essential to evaluating and modelling the influences of climate change on the permafrost in cold regions. Due to malfunctions and location changes of observing stations, temporal gaps (i.e., missing data) are common in collected datasets. The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of Kriging spatial interpolation for estimating missing data to fill the temporal gaps in daily air temperature data in northeast China. A cross-validation experiment was conducted. Daily air temperature series from 1960 to 2012 at each station were estimated by using the universal Kriging (UK) and Kriging with an external drift (KED), as appropriate, as if all the observations at a given station were completely missing. The temporal and spatial variation patterns of estimation uncertainties were also checked. Results showed that Kriging spatial interpolation was generally desirable for estimating missing data in daily air temperature, and in this study KED performed slightly better than UK. At most stations the correlation coefficients (R²) between the observed and estimated daily series were >0.98, and root mean square errors (RMSEs) of the estimated daily mean (T_mean), maximum (T_max), and minimum (T_min) of air temperature were <3℃. However, the estimation quality was strongly affected by seasonality and had spatial variation. In general, estimation uncertainties were small in summer and large in winter. On average, the RMSE in winter was approximately 1℃ higher than that in summer. In addition, estimation uncertainties in mountainous areas with complex terrain were significantly larger than those in plain areas.     

Spatial management measures for disease mitigation as practiced in Scottish aquaculture

Aquaculture is an increasingly important economic activity in coastal waters. The fluid environment means spatial management is an important tool for protecting fish health. Scottish aquaculture (largely Atlantic salmon) uses a range of different types of area to group farms for different management or reporting purposes related to fish health. Farm Management Areas are defined by local knowledge and used by industry for co-operation among groups of farms, including in the management of sea lice. Disease Management Areas, defined using a simple but robust model, are used by the Scottish Government for control of notifiable diseases. Particle dispersal models are used to assess areas affected by treatment residue around farms, and to manage maximum allowable area biomass for environmental protection. Sophisticated models of sea lice transport have been developed to help inform management of this key parasite. Large regional areas are used for a variety of purposes, such as a policy presumption against new farms covering the entire east and north coasts of Scotland, and five reporting areas for official production statistics. Scottish aquatic environments are shared by many interest groups and spatial management is proving essential for sustainable development by aquaculture and other users.     

川东北地区长兴组-飞仙关组油气成藏组合特征及有利勘探区带

随着油气勘探的逐渐深入,近年在川东北地区相继发现了铁山坡、渡口河、普光、龙岗以及元坝等大中型气田后,长兴组-飞仙关组礁滩储层逐渐被重视,成为目前川东北地区主要的勘探层系。因此,本文以长兴组-飞仙关组储层为核心开展川东北地区油气成藏组合特征的研究,并最终预测有利勘探区带。针对以上研究目的,本文从川东北地区长兴期-飞仙关期沉积相入手,结合川东北地区含油气系统以及成藏事件,并通过对典型油气藏特征的剖析,研究川东北地区成藏组合特征。受开江-梁平海槽演化的控制,研究区长兴期-飞仙关期主要发育开阔台地-蒸发台地以及陆棚。长兴组-飞仙关组主要发育有生物礁相孔缝型灰岩储层、台缘（内）滩相孔缝型白云岩储层以及台内滩相孔隙型白云岩储层。以下志留统、中-上二叠统烃源岩为研究核心,研究区主要发育S₁-P₃ch 含油气系统以及P₂.P₃-P₃ch.T₁f 含油气系统。通过对川东北地区典型气藏剖析,将长兴组-飞仙关组油气藏划分为S₁.P₂.P₃生-P₃ch 储短距离垂向运聚模式（元坝模式）以及S₁.P₂.P₃生-P₃ch.T₁f 储垂向运聚模式（龙岗-普光模式）。以长兴组-飞仙关组礁滩储层为核心建立3 类油气成藏组合,分别为生物礁相灰岩成藏组合、台内滩相白云岩成藏组合以及浅滩相白云岩成藏组合。综合对川东北地区油气成藏条件及其在时空上配置关系的研究,认为南大巴山前冲断带、川东冲断带的达州-开江-梁平一带以及阆中-平昌斜坡带的龙岗地区为长兴组-飞仙关组礁滩储层有利勘探区带;通南巴背斜西南部、九龙山背斜中南部以及中部断褶带为较有利勘探区带。     

利用Aster数据估算Ca含量分布的研究

元素在地表的分布对矿产的赋存具有指示作用,而不同元素都有各自对应的光谱特征;使用光谱数据元素含量可快速、大面积提取元素分布信息,指导找矿工作。本文基于实地测量的岩石光谱发射率数据重采样至ASTER各热红外波段,然后进行波段比值处理;将波段比值与岩石中的Ca进行相关分析。使用SPSS软件做多元逐步回归,排除相关系数小及具有共线性的波段比值,得出Ca与发射率光谱的数值关系;通过数值关系计算,得到Ca含量的大致分布区域。结果表明,Ca含量与ASTER波段之间有较好的相关关系;利用ASTER波段反演地表岩石Ca含量是可行的;在Aster影像上Ca高含量地区与地层的岩性吻合度高。     

Development of a Neolithic pine tree‐ring chronology for northern Scotland

The peatlands of northern Scotland (one of the largest and most intact areas of blanket bog in the world) contain a rare widespread horizon of subfossil pine in stratigraphic context. Eighteen bog pine from three new sites are incorporated into a mean Neolithic pine chronology now composed of subfossil pine from 12 sites, which is tree‐ring‐dated against Irish bog pine chronologies to span 3198–2757 BC. Germination and peaks of radial growth infer drier conditions between 3199 and 3130 BC. Dying‐off phases and depression of growth reflect a change to wetter conditions between 3023 and 3002 BC and a terminal decline of pine between 2809 and 2782 BC. The close synchronization of germination/die‐off phases and major ring‐width variations between sites across this region indicates that the environmental changes are probably triggered by climate change. Twenty‐four bog pine samples remain unmatched. Future multi‐discipline research into this important example of climatic change at the Neolithic/Bronze Age transition is recommended. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

川东北地区二叠系长兴组生物礁类型及控制因素

川东北地区二叠系长兴组生物礁内蕴含大量的天然气,为该区主力储层之一。长兴组生物礁类型有台地边缘礁和浅缓坡生物礁,均出现在高位期,主要分布在梁平-开江陆棚两侧。陆棚东侧是以普光地区为代表的台地边缘礁,西侧是以元坝地区为代表的浅缓坡生物礁。与浅缓坡生物礁相比,台地边缘礁具有规模大、期次少、造礁生物相对单一的特点。生物礁类型的差异主要受控于构造作用和沉积作用,构造作用的差异决定了生物礁发育的潜力,而沉积作用则决定了生物礁的规模。     

Palaeoproterozoic terrane assembly in the Lewisian Gneiss Complex on the Scottish mainland,south of Gruinard Bay: SHRIMP U–Pb zircon evidence

New SHRIMP U–Pb zircon geochronology and fieldwork integrated with reappraisal of earlier mapping demonstrates that the so-called ‘southern region’ of the mainland Lewisian Gneiss Complex comprises a package of distinct tectono-stratigraphic units. From south to north these are the Rona (3135–2889 Ma), Ialltaig (c. 2000 Ma) and Gairloch (ca. 2200 Ma) terranes. These terranes were metamorphosed and deformed separately until ca. 1670 Ma by which time they had been juxtaposed and were integral with terranes to the north. The northern boundary of the Palaeoproterozoic Gairloch terrane is a shear zone, north of which is the Archaean Gruinard terrane with 2860–2800 Ma protoliths and ca. 2730 Ma granulite facies metamorphism. In contrast, south of the Gairloch terrane, the Archaean gneisses of the Rona terrane have older protolith ages, underwent an anatectic event at ca. 2950 Ma and show no evidence of 2730 Ma granulite facies metamorphism. In current structural interpretations the Gruinard terrane forms a structural klippe over the intervening Gairloch terrane. However, the Rona and Gruinard terranes cannot be equivalent on age grounds, and are interpreted as unrelated different entities. Contained within the southern margin of the Gairloch terrane is the Ialltaig terrane, shown here to comprise an exotic slice of granulite facies Palaeoproterozoic crust, rather than Archaean basement as previously thought. The ca. 1877 Ma granulite facies metamorphism of the Ialltaig terrane is the youngest event that is unique to a single terrane in the mainland Complex, making it an upper estimate for the timing of amalgamation with surrounding tectonic units. U–Pb titanite ages of 1670 ± 12 Ma and ca. 1660 Ma for low-strain zones at Diabaig are interpreted to be cooling through the titanite closure temperature after the amphibolite facies reworking of these southern terranes and the southern margin of the Gruinard Terrane. These new data have implications for the tectonic setting of the mainland in relation to the Outer Hebrides and in the wider evolution of the basement in the North Atlantic.     

玲珑金矿西山矿床北东段深部矿床地质特征及构造控矿规律

西山金矿床各矿体严格受NE向压扭性断裂控制,同生构造是主要矿体的赋存空间,无论是矿体还是断裂均显示为膨大缩小、尖灭再现、分支复合、斜列、侧伏等规律;矿化强度自上而下没有出现明显降低的趋势,而是表现为缓慢下降,说明了深部矿化还将有一定的延续。因此,西山金矿床的构造控矿标志明显,预测其深部还具有一定的找矿潜力。     

川东北地区下三叠统飞仙关组白云岩成因分析

在川东北地区下三叠统飞仙关组沉积相模式研究成果的基础上,详细研究了区内鲕粒白云岩、具残余鲕粒结构的粗粉晶-细晶白云岩、泥微晶白云岩、藻纹层白云岩、粗粉晶-细晶白云岩的岩石学特征,并结合碳氧同位素、微量元素、流体包裹体3种地球化学特征资料认为:鲕粒白云岩和具残余结晶鲕粒白云岩为混合水白云石化作用形成;泥微晶白云岩和藻纹层白云岩为回流渗透白云石化作用形成;粗粉晶-细晶白云岩为埋藏白云岩化作用形成。