Long-term sediment yield in Crombie Reservoir catchment,Angus; and its regional significance within the Midland Valley of Scotland

Abstract

The drawdown of Crombie Reservoir in November 2001 afforded the opportunity to examine the exposed sediments trapped since impoundment in 1868. Direct measurements of infill depth enabled an isopachyte map to be produced. Gravimetric conversion using measured bulk densities and a trap efficiency term indicated a long-term catchment sediment yield of 59.1 t km^?2 year^?1. Core stratigraphy analysis indicated that sediments were dark brown/black cohesive silty-muds with multiple sandy sub-units, representing a combination of discrete flood events and previous drawdown surfaces. Dating, constrained by mineral magnetic and ¹³⁷Cs analysis, indicated that sedimentation rates have varied from 0.2 to 0.8 g cm^?2 year^?1, corresponding to a four-fold variation in catchment sediment yield (approximately 20–93 t km^?2 year^?1), most likely controlled by extensive conversion of moorland to woodland, and post-World War II agricultural expansion. The Crombie investigation is combined with other reservoir sedimentation surveys within the Midland Valley of Scotland. Area-specific sediment yields (t km^?2 year^?1) evidence a weak, though statistically significant (p > 0.05), positive correlation with catchment area (km²). The increase in area-specific yield with catchment area contradicts the decline, which is generally expected, and is taken to reflect the significance of channel erosion within water supply basins featuring mainly natural and semi-natural vegetation cover and low-intensity land management practices. With stable slopes channel erosion dominates and area-specific sediment yield increases downstream due to greater entrainment and transport potential. The high degree of scatter in the Midland Valley database reflects significant variations in the extent of land-use change and the local importance of agricultural improvements and afforestation practices.     

火山活动对彝良向斜煤矿区成煤环境的影响

依据彝良向斜煤矿区钻孔资料,峨眉山玄武岩之上的宣威组底部广泛分布着数层厚薄不一的凝灰质泥岩,煤层夹矸中有火山蚀变成因矿物组成的粘土岩,这些火山活动所形成的玄武岩、凝灰质泥岩、煤层粘土岩夹矸在时空分布特征上反映了火山活动的规律,火山活动控制着区域沉积环境及成煤环境的演变。研究区自西向东受火山活动的影响逐渐减弱而使东部的含煤性优于西部,煤层的分布与火山活动痕迹呈此消彼长的关系,反映了火山活动的逐渐减弱使得宣威晚期逐渐形成了稳定的成煤环境。因此,研究区东部宣威组上段地层是煤炭资源进一步勘查的重点。     

Re–Os and U–Pb geochronology of porphyry Mo deposits in central Jilin Province: Mo ore-forming stages in northeast China

Central Jilin Province lies along the eastern edge of the Xing–Meng orogenic belt of northeast China. At least 10 Mo deposits have been discovered in this area, making it the second-richest concentration of Mo resources in China. To better understand the formation and distribution of porphyry Mo deposits in the area, we investigated the geological characteristics of the deposits and applied zircon U–Pb and molybdenite Re–Os isotope dating to constrain the age of mineralization. Our new geochronological data show the following: the Jidetun Mo deposit yields molybdenite Re–Os model ages of 164.6–167.1 Ma, an isochron age of 168 ± 2.5 Ma, and a weighted mean model age of 165.9 ± 1.2 Ma; the Houdaomu Mo deposit yields molybdenite Re–Os model ages of 167.4–167.7 Ma, an isochron age of 168 ± 13 Ma, and a weighted mean model age of 167.5 ± 1.2 Ma; and the Chang’anpu Mo deposit yields a zircon U–Pb age for granodiorite porphyry of 166.9 ± 1.5 Ma (N = 16). These new age data, combined with existing molybdenite Re–Os dates, show that intense porphyry Mo mineralization was coeval with magmatism during the Middle Jurassic (167.8 ± 0.4 Ma, r > 0.999). The geotectonic mechanisms responsible for Mo mineralization were probably related to subduction of the Palaeo-Pacific plate beneath the Eurasian continent. Combining published molybdenite Re–Os and zircon U–Pb ages for northeast China, the Mo deposits are shown to have been formed during multiple events coinciding with periods of magmatic activity. We identified three phases of mineralization, two of which had several stages: the Caledonian (485–480 Ma); the Indosinian comprising the Early–Middle Triassic (248–236 Ma) and Late Triassic (226–208 Ma) stages; and the Yanshanian phase comprising the Early–Middle Jurassic (202–165 Ma), Late Jurassic–early Early Cretaceous (154–129 Ma), and Early Cretaceous (114–111 Ma) stages. Although Mo deposits formed during each phase/stage, most of the mineralization occurred during the Early–Middle Jurassic.     

湘东北九岭-清水地区韧性剪切带型金矿控矿特征及找矿方向

九岭-清水韧性剪切带是湘东北三条区域规模的韧性剪切带之一,黄金洞、万古等金矿床就处于该剪切带上,是典型的受韧性剪切带控制的矿床。武陵-雪峰期的韧性剪切变形不仅形成了导矿通道和容矿空间,也促使冷家溪群含金建造成矿物质的活化迁移;加里东-燕山期形成的NE向深大断裂和伴随的大规模岩浆活动,导致成矿热液再次活化转移并沉淀成矿。韧性剪切构造为金成矿创造了空间条件,而且还通过力学-化学耦合机制参与活化转移成矿各个环节。本文总结了该类矿床的控矿特征和找矿标志,指出了该地区的找矿方向。     

桂东北海洋山岩体锆石SHRIMP U-Pb定年和地球化学研究

桂东北海洋山岩体为岩性单一的二长花岗岩岩基。锆石SHRIMP U-Pb定年显示海洋山岩体主结晶年龄为431±7 Ma(MSWD=3.14),与赣湘桂内陆加里东期花岗闪长岩-二长花岗岩形成时代相似,为同一期成岩事件的产物。元素地球化学研究表明,绝大多数样品具有富硅(～68%),富钾(K2O/Na2O>1.5),弱过铝质(A/CNK均值1.05)和低Al2O3/TiO2值(<100)、高CaO/Na2O值(>0.3)的特征。与临区浅变质基底一致的εNd(t)值(-8.0～-8.6)和T2DM值(1.82～1.87 Ga),指示其理想源区为成熟度较低的古老变质杂砂岩。进一步的宏观地质特征和华南加里东造山带构造演化序列分析表明,海洋山岩体属于陆壳改造型花岗岩,其形成的构造环境很可能为汇聚造山向非造山转化的后造山伸张环境。     

黔东北地区钒矿成矿地质特征及成矿预测

黔东北地区沉积型钒矿与寒武系下统九门冲组(1jm)黑色岩系密切相关。本文通过对该区钒矿产出的区域地质背景、含矿岩系、赋矿岩石地化特征,岩相古地理环境、矿床时空分布和矿体产出特征等进行综合分析,表明该区具有很好的成矿地质条件。根据本区找矿实践和成矿相关理论、控矿因素等综合研究,圈定了松桃石梁—孟溪、松桃盘石—江口桃映—坝黄、印江永义、铜仁漾头—万山黄道、石阡坪山—聚凤5个成矿有利远景区,为指导今后在该区开展钒矿找矿工作,取得更大的找矿突破提供参考。     

丝绸之路青海道吐蕃时期墓葬出土木材记载的森林干扰史

森林动态与气候变化及人类活动有着紧密的联系,了解森林干扰的发生历史对准确预测全球变暖背景下的森林动态具有重要意义,也可为理解历史时期的气候变化和人地关系演变提供线索.文章利用丝绸之路青海道沿线吐蕃时期3个墓葬中出土的78棵祁连圆柏(Juniperus przewalskii Komarov)原木作为研究对象,利用树木年...     

Late Devensian and Flandrian palaeoenvironmental changes on the Scottish continental shelf west of the Outer Hebrides

Examination of two radiocarbon-dated vibrocores taken from south of St Kilda at a water depth of about 155 m, a short distance within the maximum position of the Late Devensian (Dimlington Stadial) ice sheet, suggests that the St Kilda Basin became free of glacier ice after 15250 yr BP. Sedimentation in a shallow, low energy, high arctic, muddy environment continued until after 13500 yr BP. There followed a higher energy temperate episode during which water depths were roughly about 40 m: this is correlated with the latter part of the Windermere Interstadial and with the warmer interval known in shallow Scottish seas about or a little before 11 000 yr BP. The Loch Lomond (Younger Dryas) Stadial is marked in the vibrocores by the return of muddy sediments and a cold-water fauna. Relatively shallow water conditions seem to have persisted into the earliest Flandrian, when the water depth was still roughly 60 m, corresponding to a sea-level in the area 90–100 m below present. It is suggested that pack ice was widespread in the northeast Atlantic before the Windermere Interstadial and also during the Loch Lomond Stadial, when it transported shards of Icelandic volcanic ash into the St Kilda basin. Estimates of sea-surface temperature for the last part of the Windermere Interstadial are close to those derived from the deep-sea record for the same period.     

A Holocene tsunami deposit in eastern Scotland

A thin, regionally extensive, laterally persistent sand layer identified within the Holocene coastal sequences of eastern Scotland, dated to 7000 years BP, is suggested to be a tsunami deposit. The likely source of the tsunami wave is the earthquake induced second Storegga Slide on the Norwegian continental slope at least 750 km northeast of the deposit.