华南植被覆盖稀有金属矿集区快速探测评价体系的建立与应用

针对中国华南稀有金属矿集区植被厚、多云雾、地质环境复杂等特点,文章提出了植被覆盖区稀有金属矿床快速评价方法技术体系,通过实践探索实现了稀有金属"空、天、地"一体化快速有效探测.该体系分为3个层次,第一层次是利用多尺度、小比例尺高空光学遥感卫星厘定区域构造格架及活动期次、结合已有地质科技成果确定成矿有利区;第二层次为地表...     

Distribution and contribution of major phytoplankton groups to carbon cycling across contrasting conditions of the subtropical northeast Atlantic Ocean

The relation between trophic regime and phytoplankton composition and function in oceanic systems is well accepted in oceanography. However, the relative dynamics and carbon cycling contributions of different phytoplankton groups across gradients of ocean richness are not fully understood. In this work we investigated phytoplankton dynamics along two transects from the NW African coastal upwelling to open-ocean waters of the north Atlantic subtropical gyre. We adopted a pigment-based approach to characterize community structure and to quantify group-specific growth and grazing rates and associated carbon fluxes. Changes in pigment cell concentration during the incubation experiments due to photoadaptation were corrected to obtain reliable rates. The oceanic region was dominated by Prochlorococcus (PRO) (45±7% of total chlorophyll a) while diatoms dominated in upwelling waters (40±37%). Phytoplankton grew faster (μ=0.78±0.26 d⁻¹) and free of nutrient limitation (μ/μ_n=0.98±0.42) in the coastal upwelling region, with all groups growing at similar rates. In oceanic waters, the growth rate of bulk phytoplankton was lower (μ=0.52±0.16 d⁻¹) and nutrient limited (μ/μ_n=0.68±0.19 d⁻¹). Diatoms (0.80±0.39 d⁻¹) and Synechococcus (SYN) (0.72±0.25 d⁻¹) grew faster than Prymnesiophyceae (PRYMN) (0.62±0.26 d⁻¹) and PRO (0.46±0.18 d⁻¹). The growth rates of PRO and SYN were moderately nutrient limited (μ/μ_n=0.81 and 0.91, respectively), while the limitation for diatoms (μ/μ_n=0.71) and PRYMN (μ/μ_n=0.37) was more severe. Microzooplankton grazing rate was higher in upwelling (0.68±0.32 d⁻¹) than in oceanic waters (0.37±0.19 d⁻¹), but represented the main loss pathway for phytoplankton in both systems (m/μ=0.90±0.32 and 0.69±0.24, respectively). Carbon flux through phytoplankton, produced and grazed, increased from offshore to coastal (∼2 to ∼200 μg C L⁻¹ d⁻¹), with diatoms dominating the flux in the upwelling region (52%) while PRYMN (40%) and PRO (30%) dominated in the open ocean.     

Seabird conservation and tidal stream and wave power generation: Information needs for predicting and managing potential impacts

Current development plans indicate that during the next decade there will be an increase in tidal stream and wave (TSW) power generation activity in Scottish Waters, together with the designation of additional offshore areas for seabird conservation. This paper summarises how TSW developments could affect seabirds, based on experience from other forms of disturbance, and explores the possible changes in behaviour and habitat that have the potential to increase a seabird's rate of energy acquisition (e.g. through enhancing prey abundance), or energy expenditure (e.g. through causing birds to commute further to find food, if they avoid foraging around developments placed in regular feeding areas). Changes to energy budgets could impact rates of reproduction and survival. Simulation modelling of seabird energetics and behaviour is one possible tool for predicting the direction and magnitude of population impacts caused by alterations to energy budgets, but is dependant on the availability and accuracy of necessary parameters. The later sections of the paper review the information needed for such models and shows that although some data are available regarding rates of energy expenditure during specific activities, more information is needed on seabird foraging rates. The paper also highlights how the susceptibility of a species to be impacted by future TSW development is likely to be related to their method of foraging, flight behaviour and ability to buffer against environmental fluctuations.     

滇东北东川下田坝A型花岗岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄、地球化学特征及其构造意义

通过对滇东北东川下田坝地区黑云母二长花岗岩和似斑状钾长花岗岩2种岩体的地球化学分析及对黑云母二长花岗岩的U-Pb同位素测试,得到如下认识:黑云母二长花岗岩和似斑状钾长花岗岩总体地球化学特征相似,主量元素表现出高SiO2(平均71.7%)、过铝质(A/CNK指数在1.03~1.52)的特征,过碱指数在0.95~1.37之间,总体属于钙碱系列;稀土元素总量较高(ΣREE平均313×10-6),(Ce/Yb)N均值为8.85,(La/Yb)N均值为9.54,呈现轻稀土元素(LREE)富集,仅Eu亏损(δEu均值0.31)的海鸥型右倾模式;大离子亲石元素Rb、Th、U、K等相对富集,高场强元素Nb、Ta、Sr、Ti等呈明显负异常,说明岩浆源岩以陆壳成分为主;Ga/Al均值为2.69,(Zr+Nb+Ce+Y)均值为383;微量元素Sr、Eu低,富集Nb、Zr等元素,反映其源区存在斜长石的残留;锆石饱和温度为724~786℃,表明初始岩浆温度较高。上述特征说明,下田坝花岗岩为典型的A型花岗岩,形成于中上地壳的板内伸展背景。黑云母二长花岗岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为801.1±6.6Ma,同时受到762.1±6.2Ma热事件的影响,与新元古代Rodinia超大陆裂解事件在时间上一致,亦与东川铜矿成矿时代相符,说明新元古代裂谷环境的岩浆事件范围可扩大至滇东北东川,并可能引发热液成矿作用。     

滇东北毛坪铅锌矿床矿体空间结构及深部矿体预测

毛坪铅锌矿床位于扬子陆块西南缘川滇黔铅锌多金属成矿区内,是滇东北富锗铅锌矿集区的大型典型矿床之一.文章对该矿床的矿体空间结构进行了剖析,揭示了矿体定位规律,提出了深部矿体预测区.研究表明,该矿床中矿体具成群性、等距性、方向性、成带性和"多层位"赋矿的特点;矿体大体顺层产出,具尖灭再现、膨大缩小、缓宽陡窄等特征;洛泽河两...     

非连续变形正分析中的块体相互侵入问题研究

依据非连续变形正分析方法的基本理论，提出了一种考虑多块体运动系统中特定块体边界允许适量侵入的方法－－子矩阵高速法，并给出了相应的调整公式。以青藏块体东北缘及其周围地区为例，考虑特定块体边界不同程度的侵入，模拟得到：（1）考虑侵入后，的确使模拟的结果得到明显改善；（2）用子矩阵调整法考虑特定块体边界适度侵入是切实可行的。     

近50a东北冷涡暴雨水汽源地分布及其水汽贡献率分析

用HYSPLIT v4.9轨迹追踪模式,以分辨率为2.5°×2.5°的再分析资料驱动模式,对东北地区308例冷涡暴雨过程中的目标气块,进行后向轨迹追踪模拟。结果显示东北冷涡暴雨主要有4个水汽源地,(Ⅰ)西太平洋及相邻海域(包括鄂霍次克海、日本海、黄海、渤海和东海)水汽贡献率最大,平均水汽贡献率达39.8%;依次是(Ⅱ)孟加拉湾—南海海域为32.1%;(Ⅲ)欧亚大陆,尤其是贝加尔湖附近为20.9%;(Ⅳ)东北地区的水汽贡献率最小,仅为7.2%。欧亚大陆主要输送700 hPa高度附近的干冷气团,而各海域则输送800 hPa高度以下的暖湿气团。     

台湾东北部黑潮表层水入侵东海陆架的季节变化规律

基于1998～2011 年进入台湾东北部的WOCE-SVP(World Ocean Circulation Experiment -Surface Velocity Programme)计划的Argos 浮标运行轨道数据, 分析了台湾东北部的环流特征、黑潮表层水入侵东海陆架的季节变化规律。结果表明: 在春夏季, 黑潮表层水入侵仅限于陆架外缘, 而在秋冬季, 黑潮表层水可深入东海陆架或进入台湾海峡。自黑潮区入侵至100 m 和150 m 等深线的浮标数量在秋冬季较多, 春夏季较少。台湾海峡的浮标轨迹在春夏季几乎皆为北向, 在秋冬季皆为南向。在秋季, 东海中部和南部陆架会在黑潮西侧出现逆流和涡旋。可见, 台湾东北部环流具有显著的季节特征; 黑潮表层水入侵东海陆架在秋冬季较强, 春夏季较弱。本研究采用最新的Argos 浮标数据, 揭示了台湾东北部黑潮入侵东海陆架的季节变化规律。     

Multiproxy Devensian Late‐glacial and Holocene environmental records at an Atlantic coastal site in Shetland

Marine erosion at Clettnadal, West Burra island off the west coast of Shetland, caused the drainage of a small water body at Clettnadal, exposing deposits of Late Devensian and Holocene age. Pollen, diatom and invertebrate analyses have provided variable records of environmental change during stratigraphical event GI‐1. Event GS‐1 is revealed by the non‐pollen evidence, especially by Coleoptera, by sediment stratigraphy, and by radiocarbon dating. In contrast, the pollen evidence indicates that an arctic tundra flora, in which dwarf shrubs were prominent, persisted throughout the Late‐glacial. The Holocene brought colonisation by tree birch, but by ca. 9000 ¹⁴C yr BP the taxon had almost disappeared. This contrasts strongly with other Holocene pollen records for Shetland where both Betula and Corylus avellana‐type survived longer—at some sites, for example, until ca. 2900 yr BP. The extreme westerly and exposed coastal situation of Clettnadal appears to be responsible both for a muted Late‐glacial response in the pollen record of terrestrial vegetation and for the early replacement of woodland by a maritime grassland. The results provoke questions concerning biological stability at times of marked climatic change. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The Loch Lomond Readvance on the Isle of Skye,Scotland: Glacier reconstruction and palaeoclimatic implications

Geomorphological mapping of southern Skye indicates evidence for a single readvance of locally-nourished glaciers. These comprised a major icefield that occupied c. 155 km² of the main mountain area, a small icefield c. 10 km² in extent in the Kyleakin hills and ten corrie glaciers with a total area of c. 16 km². The absence of Lateglacial pollen sites, shorelines and periglacial features within the limits of local glaciation implies a Loch Lomond Readvance age for this glacial event. The area-weighted mean equilibrium line altitude (ELA) of the reconstructed Loch Lomond Readvance glaciers (319 m) conforms with a regional eastwards rise in ELAs that indicates dominant westerly airstreams during the Loch Lomond Stadial. An easterly decline in ELAs across the former icefields is interpreted in terms of easterly transfer of snow across ice-sheds by westerly winds, though the altitudes of corrie glacier ELAs suggest that the dominant snow-bearing winds were southerlies. Calculations based on the area-weighted mean ELA for the major icefield (308 m) indicate a stadial mean July sea-level temperature of c. 6 °C. The anomalously low gradients of certain former icefield outlet glaciers are attributed to deformation of subglacial sediment, an effect that may vitiate the assumption of linear ablation/accumulation gradients in the calculation of former ELAs for reconstructed glaciers.