A revision of the Jurassic (Bathonian to Oxfordian) lithostratigraphy of the onshore Moray Firth Basin,north-east Scotland

Bathonian to Oxfordian strata occur onshore in two principal locations over 30 km apart on the coast of the Moray Firth, at Brora and Balintore. The existing lithostratigraphy has the same formation names applied to both successions despite profound differences, exemplified in their schemes of local members. Furthermore, three of the formation names include the same place name, and use obsolete lithological terms.     

西秦岭中—新生代红层的构造层划分及其构造意义

西秦岭及其邻区中—新生代红层地层包括白垩系、古近系和新近系。这些红层地层的沉积组合、构造变形、空间分布及相互关系等是西秦岭中—新生代陆内地质过程的客观记录,对其系统研究是重建西秦岭及其邻区中—新生代构造演化过程之基础。依据这些红层地层之间的角度不整合、沉积序列与沉积环境、空间分布型式和构造线方向及构造样式,西秦岭及邻区中—新生代红层地层可分为早白垩世、晚白垩世、古近纪—新近纪三个构造层。三个构造层对应于西秦岭中—新生代陆内构造演化的三个不同阶段,即早白垩世北东向盆—山构造、晚白垩世区域左旋走滑拉分构造和渐新世—上新世区域伸展泛盆地阶段。结合印支期多块体拼贴形成的中国大陆中—新生代陆内构造格局与岩石圈动力学过程分析,认为西秦岭早白垩世北东向盆山构造格局是中生代以来西太平洋板块向西俯冲导致的东亚区域性伸展构造的组成部分;晚白垩世走滑拉分盆地则是白垩纪拉萨地块与羌塘—昌都地块汇聚碰撞背景下中国西北大陆区域性左旋走滑作用的结果;而渐新世—上新世的泛盆地阶段则指示了印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞的远程构造—地貌响应之前经历了漫长区域伸展均衡坳陷和侵蚀夷平期,这说明上新世,西秦岭尚未成为现今青藏高原的组成部分,也就是说新生代以来印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞汇聚的构造响应起始于上新世末期。     

海岸带水体氮、磷的测定方法与准确测定

利用湛江东北海岸近30a6期LandSatTM/OLI遥感影像,基于人机交互方式获取海岸线空间信息,综合运用端点变率(EndPointRate,EPR)、线性回归变率(LinearRegressionRate,LRR)、岸线类型结构等多种方法或指标对湛江东北海岸线时空变迁及主要驱动因素进行了深入分析。结果表明:近30a湛江东北大陆海岸线长度共增长约27.56km,岛屿海岸线长度共增长约15.44km,海岸线类型较多,自然海岸线锐减,利用类型构成趋于复杂,且更多地受到了人类活动干扰;海岸线变迁方向整体以向海扩张为主,其中大陆海岸线的平均 LRR和 EPR 为4.18m/a和4.12m/a,最高 LRR达94.26m/a;岛屿海岸线的平均 LRR和 EPR为2.24m/a和3.79m/a,最高 LRR 达66.44m/a。海岸线摆动剧烈区域主要集中于受围填海工程等人类工程活动影响较为显著的岸段。人类活动已成为湛江东北海岸线变迁的主导因素。     

Simulation of frozen ground distribution in northeast China based on a surface frost number model

Journal of Geographical Sciences - Against the background of global warming, environmental and ecological problems caused by frozen ground degradation have become a focus of attention for the...     

Geochemistry of caldera-forming and resurgent magmas in the Pliocene Hiwada caldera,northeast Japan: An example of a monotonous intermediate system

The 2.9-Ma Hotokezawa Ignimbrite, which was ejected from the Aizu caldera cluster in the northeast Japan arc, is a typical monotonous intermediate ignimbrite, with 40–50 vol% crystals and an eruptive volume of >140 km³ dense-rock equivalent. This ignimbrite filled Hiwada caldera and was deformed by post-caldera plutonic intrusions that formed a resurgent dome. The Hotokezawa Ignimbrite is a calc-alkaline, medium-K dacite to rhyolite with SiO₂ contents of 67.9–71.3 wt%, and has homogeneous trace-element abundances and Sr–Nd isotopic ratios. These geochemical features suggest that the Hotokezawa magma was formed by partial melting of amphibolitic crustal rocks. This crystal-rich magma did not appear during the post-caldera stage. Therefore, it is plausible that the chamber of eruptible magma was emptied by the caldera-forming eruption. In contrast, post-caldera plutonic rocks exhibit a variety of compositions and have a clear SiO₂ gap corresponding to the caldera-forming magma: the early pluton (tonalite) and later ones (quartz porphyry, granite porphyries, and granite) contain 62.0–66.6 and 71.2–76.5 wt% SiO₂, respectively. The tonalite and the Hotokezawa Ignimbrite form a continuous trend in their major-element variations. The Sr–Nd isotopic ratios of the ignimbrite and tonalite overlap, but those of the porphyries and granite are more enriched. The early tonalite represents the more basic part of the Hiwada caldera system that was held in small pockets separate from the main magma chamber, because its trace-element abundances are varied and distinct from those of the Hotokezawa Ignimbrite. The distinct compositional change from the Hotokezawa Ignimbrite to the late porphyries and granite indicates that the partial melting crust generating felsic magma was renewed by the subsequent intrusion of the mantle melts. The new felsic magma ascended through subsidence-related faults into the shallow caldera system and emplaced as laccoliths forming the resurgent dome.     

广西防城-灵山断裂带北东支灵山段活动性初探

防城-灵山断裂北东支灵山段为北部湾经济区内地震活动最为频繁的地区。为了查明防城-灵山断裂带北东支灵山段的断裂活动变形特征,尤其是在活动性特征的关键部位控制断裂构造的产状特征,断裂产状深部变化、断裂带规模及展布方向,本文通过遥感解译、地质地貌调查以及浅层地震和地质雷达勘探等物探方法对广西防城-灵山断裂带北东支灵山段的平面展布特征以及活动性进行了初步探讨。结果表明该断裂带呈北东向展布并被多条北西向断裂错断,东西边界分别为灵山断裂和石塘断裂。灵山断裂错断了晚更新世洪积扇阶地,河流流经灵山断裂后发生右旋偏转;石塘断裂表现为宽约250 m的破碎带,次级断裂密集发育。物探结果显示防城-灵山断裂北东支灵山段的东西两支在晚更新世以来均具有较强的活动性。     

Mesozoic molybdenum deposits in the East Xingmeng orogenic belt,northeast China: characteristics and tectonic setting

Numerous molybdenum (Mo) ore deposits have been discovered in the East Xingmeng orogenic belt (East Central Asian orogenic belt), over the past 10 years, and this region is becoming one of the world's most important Mo production areas. It contains 6.18 Mt of proven Mo metal reserves, which accounts for 30% of the total proven Chinese Mo reserves. The ore district includes 37 deposits and 15 occurrences, with three major Mo ore types, that is porphyries, skarns, and hydrothermal veins. The latter can be subdivided into quartz- and volcanic hydrothermal-vein types. With the exception of the Ordovician Duobaoshan porphyry Cu–Mo deposit (477 Ma), all the East Xingmeng Mo deposits formed during the Mesozoic. Re–Os dating of molybdenite has documented three episodes of Mo mineralization: Early Triassic (248–242 Ma), Jurassic (178–146 Ma), and Early Cretaceous (142–131 Ma). Early Triassic Mo deposits are distributed along the northern margin fault of the North China Craton (NCC) and include porphyry and quartz vein types. They are characterized by the association of Mo + Cu. Jurassic Mo deposits are mainly distributed in the eastern area and include porphyry, quartz vein, and skarn types. They are typified by Mo alone and/or the association of Mo, Pb, and Zn. Cretaceous Mo deposits are distributed in all areas and include porphyry and volcanic hydrothermal vein types. Similar to the Jurassic ores, they are simple Mo or Mo + Pb + Zn deposits. Volcanic hydrothermal vein deposits are characterized by an association of molybdenum and uranium. The Triassic Mo deposits formed in a syn-collision setting between the Siberian and North China plates. The Jurassic Mo deposits formed in a compressional setting, which was probably triggered by the westward subduction of the palaeo-Pacific plate. The Early Cretaceous Mo deposits are linked to a tectonic regime of lithosphere thinning, which was caused by delamination of thickened lithosphere. However, the Mo deposits in the Erguna terrane of the northwest Xingmeng orogenic belt may be related to the evolution of the Okhotsk Ocean.     

Metalliferous Sediment and a Silica-Hematite Deposit within the Blanco Fracture Zone,Northeast Pacific

A Tiburon ROV dive within the East Blanco Depression (EBD) increased the mapped extent of a known hydrothermal field by an order of magnitude. In addition, a unique opal-CT (cristobalite-tridymite)-hematite mound was discovered, and mineralized sediments and rock were collected and analyzed. Silica-hematite mounds have not previously been found on the deep ocean floor. The light-weight rock of the porous mound consists predominantly of opal-CT and hematite filaments, rods, and strands, and averages 77.8% SiO₂ and 11.8% Fe₂O₃. The hematite and opal-CT precipitated from a low-temperature (≥ 115° C), strongly oxidized, silica- and iron-rich, sulfur-poor hydrothermal fluid; a bacterial mat provided the framework for precipitation.

Samples collected from a volcaniclastic rock outcrop consist primarily of quartz with lesser plagioclase, smectite, pyroxene, and sulfides; SiO₂ content averages 72.5%. Formation of these quartz-rich samples is best explained by cooling in an up-flow zone of silica-rich hydrothermal fluids within a low permeability system. Opal-A, opal-CT, and quartz mineralization found in different places within the EBD hydrothermal field likely reflects decreasing silica saturation and increasing temperature of the mineralizing fluid with increasing silica crystallinity.

Six push cores recovered gravel, coarse sand, and mud mineralized variously by Fe or Mn oxides, silica, and sulfides. Total rare-earth element concentrations are low for both the rock and push core samples. Ce and Eu anomalies reflect high and low temperature hydrothermal components and detrital phases.

A remarkable variety of types of mineralization occur within the EBD field, yet a consistent suite of elements is enriched (relative to basalt and unmineralized cores) in all samples analyzed: Ag, Au, S, Mo, Hg, As, Sb, Sr, and U; most samples are also enriched in Cu, Pb, Cd, and Zn. On the basis of these element enrichments, the EBD hydrothermal field might best be described as a base- and precious-metal-bearing, silica-Fe-oxide-barite deposit. Such deposits are commonly spatially and temporally associated with volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) ores. A plot of data for pathfinder elements shows a large hot spot at the northwestern margin of the field, which may mark a region where moderate to high temperature sulfide deposits are forming at depth; further exploration of the hydrothermal field to the northwest is warranted.     

西秦岭新生代以来地质构造过程对青藏高原隆升和变形的约束

西秦岭位于青藏高原东北缘重力梯度带内,是高原物质向北、向东扩展的前缘,其新生代以来地质构造 地貌过程应该是印度板块-欧亚板块的碰撞造山过程和高原隆升过程的一部分。通过对西秦岭内部中-新生代沉积、变形及地貌记录的初步综合分析,得出如下初步认识:(1)根据西秦岭中-新生代红层沉积岩石组合和构造变形特征,可以分为晚侏罗世-早白垩世、晚白垩世-古近纪和新近纪三个构造层,分别对应于西秦岭新生代3个构造演化阶段。(2)西秦岭晚白垩世-古近纪构造层的褶皱缩短和区域断裂带的逆冲推覆发生在古近纪末期-新近纪初期,与整个青藏高原主要逆冲推覆构造事件同步,说明印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞的构造应力在古近纪末已波及至西秦岭。(3)西秦岭新近纪以来经历了一个构造相对稳定的侵蚀夷平期,于36 Ma之前形成了以晚白垩世-古近纪构造层侵蚀面、前新生代碳酸盐地层的岩溶夷平面为标志的主夷平面以及夷平面发育过程中形成新近纪近水平的、以红色粘土岩为主要特征的细碎屑沉积。这一夷平面可以作为高原组成部分的西秦岭隆升的基准面。该夷平面现今高程自西向东逐渐降低,反映了西秦岭隆升呈现自西向东连续的扩展。(4)青藏高原南部构造变形方式在中新世发生了由逆冲推覆 褶皱缩短向伸展走滑的构造转换,而在西秦岭内部却并未发生这样的构造转换,仍然以逆冲构造为主,只是西秦岭北缘的边界断层在中-晚更新世才发生逆冲 左旋走滑作用,这可能指示了青藏高原东北缘晚新生代构造变形的走滑作用只是构造块体边界与构造挤压应力方向下非正交的应力分解所致,同时也可能反映了作为西秦岭块体整体滑移和块体内部的收缩变形并行不悖。(5)由GPS观测数据确定的区域位移场应该指示了现今西秦岭块体的整体缓慢的向东移动,地震机制解确定的构造应力是下地壳向东蠕动拖曳脆性上地壳的整体运动,西秦岭地壳厚度由西向东逐渐增厚是西部由于南北向缩短增厚的下地壳向东扩展流动的结果,增厚地壳的均衡抬升是西秦岭地貌面高度变化的内在原因。     

滇东北地区下石炭统万寿山组烃源岩生物标志物特征及沉积环境分析

为研究滇东北及邻区下石炭统万寿山组泥质烃源岩的有机质来源及沉积环境特征,共采集了33件样品,开展了烃源岩基本特征及生物标志化合物特征以及微量元素特征的研究。测试结果显示,烃源岩的有机质来源比较复杂。烃源岩正构烷烃图谱表现出机质具有水生生物和陆生植物双重来源;CPI值与OEP值无明显奇偶优势。正构烷烃的ΣC21-/ΣC22+值范围在0.21~7.68,(nC21+nC22)/(nC28+nC29)值范围在0.76~2.72,烃源岩在区域上可能具有陆源植物与海相生物混合来源的特征,甾族C27,C28和C29-ααα-20R关系三角图也证明这一点。同时,干酪根δ13Corg检测结果反映出研究区北部以Ⅲ型腐殖型干酪根为主,南部属于Ⅱ、Ⅲ混合型干酪根。样品的Ts/(Tm+Ts)比值在0.45~0.53,微量元素中的V/(V+Ni)比值在0.63~0.96,结合五环三萜烷的分布特征认为烃源岩形成于还原环境背景。伽玛蜡烷/αβ-C30藿烷比值在0.12~0.18,表明烃源岩沉积时水体盐度为正常盐度。根据样品中Sr/Ba值在0.23~7.9,B/Ga值在0.88~12.68,变化较大,说明万寿山组在研究区的南部属于半咸水的浅海环境,在研究区的北部属于滨浅海环境。