温度循环下压实粗粒盐渍土水盐迁移与变形响应

“一带一路”规划的高速铁路频繁穿梭于盐质荒漠区,沿线优质不含盐路基填料极其匮乏。为解决粗粒盐渍土填筑高速铁路路基面临的技术难题,结合伊朗德伊高铁建设,以现场粗粒盐渍土路基填料为对象,开展了温度循环下压实粗粒盐渍土水盐迁移与变形响应试验研究。结果表明,每次温度循环后温度波幅值由土层浅表向深层土体衰减传递,土体埋深越浅、恒温时间越长,温度波幅值越大;水盐均匀分布的压实粗粒盐渍土经历多次温度循环后逐渐演化成非均匀分布,水盐向土体表面迁移聚集,越靠近土体表面水盐增量越大;前5次温度循环中压实粗粒盐渍土产生了塑性盐胀或塑性融沉,随着温度循环次数增加,盐渍土塑性盐胀或塑性融沉显著减小甚至消失;盐渍土层上设置非盐渍土层具有迟滞盐分向上迁移和消能减胀作用,粗粒盐渍土构筑高速铁路路基宜采用结构分层技术,非盐渍土层设置厚度一般不宜小于当地温度辐射影响显著深度;粗粒盐渍土路基设计宜考虑多次温度循环后形成的水盐非均质分布及其可能诱发的盐胀与融沉增大效应,路基压实度不宜过高。研究成果将为盐渍土地区高速铁路路基工程建造起到示范参考作用。     

压实作用对泥岩膨胀性及水分迁移影响

为研究压实作用对泥岩膨胀性及水分迁移的影响,将碾碎过筛泥岩以不同干密度分层夯实到自制试验箱中进行试验,采用高精度位移传感器和TDR-4型湿度传感器进行数据采集,并采用体式显微镜对泥岩颗粒进行微观结构分析。研究结果表明:不同压实作用下泥岩膨胀过程均经历初期快速陡增阶段、中期膨胀减缓阶段和后期膨胀稳定阶段;体积含水率增大过程均经历跳跃式快速增长阶段、外凸弧线缓慢增长阶段和后期稳定阶段;随着干密度的增加,其稳定膨胀量和稳定膨胀率近似呈线形增加;水分在泥岩中的迁移与泥岩自身膨胀挤密和大气影响深度相关,干密度越大,膨胀挤密效果越明显,大气影响深度越小,其水分迁移速度越小;泥岩颗粒孔隙较为发育,连通性较好,可为水分迁移提供通道;泥岩浸水膨胀后呈泥质状态,颗粒间黏结发生破坏。研究可为膨胀泥岩地区高速铁路的修建提供参考依据。     

CHEMO-PLASTICITY OF CLAYS SUBJECTED TO STRESS AND FLOW OF A SINGLE CONTAMINANT

Isothermal chemo-elasto-plasticity of clays is discussed, to describe strains induced in clay by permeation of it with a low dielectric constant organic contaminant, in the presence of stress. The strain is crucial in controlling permeability changes in chemically affected clay barriers of landfills and impoundments. The theory encompasses chemical softening or yield surface reduction, coefficient of chemical reversible expansion or contraction due to mass concentration increase, as well as chemical sensitivity of bulk plastic modulus. The experiments on chemistry and stress dependent permeability of Sarnia clay performed by Fernandez and Quigley (1985, 1991) are interpreted using this model. The numerical representations of the chemo-plastic softening function and the chemo-elastic strain function, as well as plastic bulk modulus sensitivity to concentration are evaluated for dioxane and ethanol. Specific requirements for the tests for chemo-plastic behavior of clays are discussed. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical modelling of bentonite buffer material

Mechanistic model development and numerical analyses were carried out on coupled thermo-hydraulic-mechanical processes in bentonite-based buffer material for the geological disposal of high-level radioactive waste with small-scale laboratory experiments and a full-scale test. The mechanism of water movement in compacted bentonite was identified by applying theoretical equations to the experimental results. The application clearly explained the observed results of the temperature dependence of the hydraulic conductivity in the saturated state and the water diffusivity in the unsaturated state for the compacted bentonite and the dry density dependence of the diffusivity. The full-scale coupled test, BIG-BEN, was conducted at PNC (Power Reactor and Nuclear Fuel Development Corporation) Tokai Works. The results of the numerical analyses for the full-scale test which are based on the present knowledge of coupled processes and our small-scale experiments were in good agreement with the measured results except for mechanical phenomena. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

盐溶液对膨润土膨胀性的影响

膨润土因其优良的膨胀性和低渗透性常被用作深层地质处置库的缓冲和回填材料,但其膨胀性会受到地下流体溶液浓度的影响。针对这种现象,利用单轴固结仪研究了压实商用膨润土在不同上覆荷载和不同浓度NaCl溶液作用下的膨胀变形特性。结果表明：随着NaCl溶液浓度升高,该膨润土的膨胀性显著降低,且最大膨胀应变与上覆荷载之间在双对数坐标系下存在良好的线性关系。利用有效压力的概念和计算方法,实现了用唯一一条曲线来描述不同盐溶液浓度作用下膨润土的膨胀变形行为,同时证明了有效压力理论的合理性。     

Swelling behaviour of expansive soil treated with fly ash–GGBS based binder

In this article, the potential of a binder developed by admixing fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) to stabilise expansive soils is evaluated. Laboratory tests included determination of free swell index, swell potential and swelling pressure tests of the soil/binder mixtures at different mixing ratio. The test results showed decrease in the swelling behaviour of the soil with increase in binder content. The percent swell–time relationship was observed to fit the hyperbolic curves enabling us to predict the ultimate percent swell from few initial test results. Addition of 1% of lime to the binder showed further improvement in reducing swelling. A good linear relationship is established between percent oedometer swell and modified free swell index (MFSI) for soil/binder mixtures without lime but the same has not been observed in the presence of lime. The compressibility characteristics of the soil/binder mixtures reduced nominally with increase in binder content but in the presence of lime, the compressibility reduced significantly. Binder used in this study has been found to be effective and economic to stabilise expansive soils with lesser amount of chemical additives such as lime.     

Use of Posidonia Oceanica Ash in Stabilization of Expansive Soils

Posidonia oceanica (PO) is the most plentiful seaweed of the Mediterranean Sea, which grows all along the coastal areas, forming widespread meadows. The leaf rejuvenation process of Posidonia oceanica typically occurs in fall when an increase in wave action causes the dead seaweeds to be transported and usually piled up along the coastal areas. This paper investigates the effect of PO ash stabilization on behaviour of an expansive clay. The ash was obtained by combustion of crushed PO pieces in a muffle furnace at 550°C. Atterberg limits, linear shrinkage, particle size distribution, one-dimensional swell, and unconfined compression tests have been carried out on natural soil as well as soil mixtures with 5% and 10% PO ash. There has been no significant improvement in the soil properties with 5% ash inclusion, whereas 10% ash has noticeably reduced the swell amount and increased the compressive strength. It is therefore concluded that there is a potential for the use of PO ash in geotechnical engineering applications.     

膨胀土胀缩变形规律与灾害机制研究

采用普通固结仪和收缩仪分别进行蒙自重塑膨胀土浸水膨胀变形试验和膨胀土失水收缩变形试验,系统地研究了不同初始状态下膨胀土胀缩变形规律与致灾机制,并应用Does Response模型,定量模拟了膨胀土胀缩时程规律。研究表明,蒙自膨胀土胀缩变形差异较大,一般吸水膨胀率远大于失水收缩率,相似状态下试样膨胀系数越大,收缩系数亦越大,表现出较强的各向异性;膨胀土含有的大量细小黏土颗粒与较强的蒙脱石晶体矿物及显著的微结构特征,是其产生强烈胀缩变形灾害的内因与本质,而土中发育的微孔隙-裂隙结构及其初始状态,是发生胀缩变形灾害的外因。     

两种高庙子钠基膨润土膨胀特性比较研究

对两种高庙子钠基膨润土（简称GMZ001和GMZ07）在不同初始干密度下进行膨胀力试验、常压力下的膨胀变形试验以及压缩试验。试验结果表明,GMZ001的膨胀能力要比GMZ07的大,并且GMZ001比GMZ07更难压实。对饱和后两种膨润土进行压汞试验和扫描电子显微镜测试后发现,在相同孔隙比下,GMZ07集聚体间孔隙较多,并且GMZ001集聚体的水化程度大于GMZ07。结合土工和微观试验的结果,认为导致两者力学性能差异的主要原因是由于颗粒粒径大小的差异以及蒙脱石含量的不同。最后利用蒙脱石孔隙比的概念对两种膨润土的浸水膨胀试验结果进行归一化,并对膨润土的膨胀特性进行了预测。