Time-Dependent Deformation Behavior of Jiangsu Marine Clay

In this article, the mechanical behavior of a Jiangsu marine clay was investigated by drained triaxial tests, traixial rheological tests, and one-dimensional compression and swelling tests. A visco-plastic model, the Bingham model combining two yield surfaces model, was proposed to describe the time-dependent deformation behaviors of the marine clay. The governing equation of Biot's consolidation theory for the visco-plastic soil is solved using a finite element code which incorporates the visco-plastic model. Using the finite element method, settlements of a typical embankment on the Lianxu expressway in China are calculated. Settlement calculations using the visco-plastic model are in agreement with the measured settlements in the field. The results demonstrate that the visco-plastic model is appropriate for calculating the visco-plastic deformations of Jiangsu marine clay. Theoretical and experimental studies show that the visco-plastic deformation of Jiangsu marine clay is substantial.     

A systematic model for artificial reef site selection

Although artificial reefs are commonly used throughout the world as tools to mitigate for habitat alteration, their development is rarely subjected to a rigorous site selection process. We developed a simple site selection model using the following seven systematic steps: exclusion mapping, depth and slope verification, surficial substrate assessment, data weighting and the subsequent ranking analysis, visual transect surveys, benthic air‐lift sampling, and larval settlement collector deployment. American lobster (Homarus americanas) was selected as the target species for these investigations owing to the local commercial importance of the species. Results from each step in this process ultimately allowed us to select a site for an artificial reef at a target depth that received little wave action, had no slope, and possessed a surficial substrate type that could support the weight of a reef. The site also had the presence of a natural larval supply and low species diversity before reef installation. Each step in this site selection model was designed for easy adaptation to suit the needs of various artificial reef projects.     

Behaviour of hatchery‐reared and wild‐caught 4th and 5th stage American lobsters,Homarus americanus

Behavioural deficiencies in 4th and 5th stage hatchery‐reared lobsters were examined using time budget analysis and predator trials. Hatchery‐reared 4th stage lobsters were found to behave differently than wild‐caught lobsters and differences existed between hatchery‐reared lobsters from different sources. Local hatchery‐reared 4th stage lobsters spent less time on shelter and suffered higher predator rates in laboratory trials than both wild‐caught 4th stage and lobsters reared in a hatchery in Maine. Fifth stage hatchery‐reared lobsters spent significantly more time in shelter than their wild‐caught counterparts. These differences may be attributable to the lack of development of proper predator‐avoidance behaviour and need to be understood and corrected to maximise the effect of enhancement projects.     

基于数学形态学多尺度分析的顶板下沉量预测

利用实测顶板沉降序列预测顶板下沉量是分析顶板稳定性的有效手段。提出基于数学形态学（MM）的预测方法,将沉降序列视为一组信号,用多尺度形态学算法将其解耦为若干分量,用最小二乘支持向量机（LSSVM）算法对各分量进行预测,叠加还原得到最终预测结果。根据某金矿762采场预控顶板AIII测点实测沉降时序,建立MM-LSSVM模型进行预测研究。研究结果表明,MM-LSSVM的解耦处理强化了各分量内部规律、弱化了相互干扰。与其他传统预测算法相比,MM-LSSVM的平均绝对百分误差和均方根误差大幅下降,预测精度显著提高。     

盾构隧道局部长期渗水对隧道变形及地表沉降的影响分析

研究表明,盾构隧道长期渗水会造成地表及隧道严重沉降。针对盾构隧道局部渗流难以模拟的现状,首先提出了一种既符合盾构隧道刚度要求又能实现局部接头渗水的计算方法;在稳定渗流状态对应的相同渗流量的前提下,对比分析了管片在不同接头渗水条件下隧道周围土体孔压分布、地表和隧道沉降以及隧道变形规律。分析结果表明,盾构隧道渗水接头的位置不同,孔压分布、地表和隧道沉降以及隧道的变形均有明显差异;接头位置越靠近隧道底部,渗水导致的孔压减小越显著,造成的地表及隧道沉降越显著。接头渗水不但会使隧道发生横向椭圆化变形,还会引起隧道左右两侧受力不平衡,从而造成隧道水平侧移。通过对比表明,采用接头渗水和传统的衬砌均质渗水得到的孔压分布、沉降及隧道变形规律均有显著不同;不考虑隧道局部渗水特点会对隧道结构长期性态的认识产生偏差。     

土压平衡盾构掘进参数关系及其对地层位移影响的试验研究

土压平衡盾构机施工过程中,正确地选择掘进参数可以有效地保持开挖面稳定、减少土体位移和地面沉降。通过对杭州地铁1号线盾构隧道施工进行现场监测,研究了盾构机参数关系及其对地层位移的影响。监测内容包括：地表沉降、土体侧向位移、超孔隙水压力以及记录盾构机实时工作参数。研究结果表明,盾构机总推力、土舱压力和刀盘扭矩变化基本同步;盾构机到达前,地表沉降主要受出土率的影响,施工沉降与盾构机土舱内外压力差值成反比;盾尾通过测点后0.5～1 d时间,超孔隙水压力快速下降,且在盾尾通过10 d左右完全消散;工后沉降分为加速沉降阶段和缓慢沉降阶段,占总沉降的 50% 以上,且在孔压计超孔隙水压力消散后继续缓慢发展。     

概率性分析在黄土场地动力沉降评价中的应用

天然黄土动残余应变研究主要依赖室内动三轴试验,如何将有限室内试验数据合理地应用于场地动力沉降的定量评价,是岩土地震工程领域中研究涉足尚少的重要科学问题。应用概率统计与蒙特卡洛模拟等非确定性分析方法,借助综合考虑固结应力、结构强度、空间体积特性和地震动荷载等动残余应变关键影响参量的估算模型,提出有效弱化土体物性参量不确定性（离散性与随机性）的场地动力沉降概率性评价的思路与方法。应用结果显示,利用该方法得出的场地动力沉降的概率分布特征,能够反映天然黄土动残余应变的基本认知特点,对明晰地震作用下天然黄土场地精细动力沉降特性以及据此采用适当合理的地基处理方法,具有理论意义与实用价值。     

桩承式路堤土拱效应发挥过程研究

通过三维模型试验对桩承式路堤中土拱效应发挥过程进行了研究,重点分析了不同桩顶盖板尺寸、不同加筋方式下应力折减系数与差异沉降之间的关系。结果表明,土拱效应随变形的增加而发挥;加筋材料的设置减小了差异沉降,削弱了填土中的土拱效应,荷载向桩顶的传递是土拱效应和拉膜效应共同作用的结果。采用有限元法对桩间距、填土高度等未能在模型试验中考虑的关键因素进行了参数敏感性分析,总结了土拱效应发挥过程的相关规律。根据有限元计算结果、试验数据和文献中收集到的实测资料,提出用土拱效应发挥系数和归一化位移来描述土拱效应的发挥过程,建议二者之间采用双曲线方程模拟,从而在设计中体现土拱效应随位移的发展,并满足路堤填土、加筋材料和地基之间的变形协调要求。     

冻融循环作用下土工袋冻胀量和融沉量试验

为研究季节性冻土地区冻融循环作用下土工袋防冻融、冻胀效果,对不同冻融循环作用下土工袋和土进行了室内模型试验,在开放系统和封闭系统中分别研究了土工袋和土冻胀量、融沉量之间关系,试验结果表明,经历4次冻融循环作用后,封闭系统中土工袋冻胀量、融沉量分别小于土的冻胀量、融沉量;开放系统中土的冻胀量为土工袋冻胀量的1.9倍,土的融沉量为土工袋融沉量的2.2倍,开放系统中地下水对土工袋的补给量远小于土的补给量,试验验证了土工袋可以有效防止渠道及建筑物基础冻融、冻胀破坏,可为渠道防冻胀提供理论基础。     

高液限土路基的沉降变形规律

高液限土具有高天然含水率、高塑性、高孔隙比和低压实度的特点。明确高液限土路基的沉降变形规律成为其科学合理利用的关键。为此,在明确高液限土路用特性的基础上,铺筑了1条26.5 m高的高液限土高填方路基试验段,并进行了长期的沉降观测。结果表明,高液限土路基填筑期间的压缩变形量很大,填筑完成后自然沉降稳定期的固结变形量较小,路面铺筑后的工后沉降量很小,约为高度的2‰;高液限土路基的沉降量与其竖向填筑厚度基本成正比。采用简化的非饱和土固结理论对高液限土路基的沉降变形进行了模拟计算,计算结果与高液限土路基的实测沉降量基本一致,说明非饱和土固结理论可用于高液限土路基的沉降计算。高液限土路基沉降变形规律的成果说明其工后沉降不会过大,为其在公路工程中的推广应用提供了技术依据。