Distribution and Significance of Carbazole Compounds in Palaeozoic Oils from the Tazhong Uplift, Tarim

Carbazole compounds in crude oils from the Tazhong uplift of the Tarim basin have been fractionated and detected and successfully used to study petroleum migration and trace source rocks in the study area. Alkylcarbazoles have been found in large amounts in the oil samples analyzed and alkylbenzocarbazoles detected in a small concentration only in part of the samples, but alkyldibenzocarbazoles have not been found in oils. Based on the distribution of G1, G2 and G3 of C2-alkylcarbazoles, the ratio of C3-carbazoles to C2-carbazoles and the relative amounts of alkylcarbazoles and alkylbenzocarbazoles, one can know that the vertical oil migration in the Tazhong uplift is generally from below upward, i.e. from the Ordovician through the Silurian to the Carboniferous. Evidently, source rocks in the uplift should be lower Palaeozoic strata (Ordovician and Cambrian). This study shows that carbazoles are of great importance in the study of petroleum migration and source rocks.     

Persistent organochlorine residues in sediments of Hong Kong Victoria Harbour and Xiamen Western Bay

INTRODUCTIONOrganochiorine(OC)compounds,suchaspolych1orinatalbiphenyIsrpCBs),hexachlorocycohexane(HCH)andDDThaveentetalmarineenvirorimentSthI0ughatmospherictransport,estuarinerunofTcoastalwaterdischarge,andsoon.InspiteoftheastriCtion0rbanonOCsusageinmostcountriesformanyyears,OCnsiduescanstillbefoundatconsiderableleveIsinvari0usmarineaservotrisuchasseaWhtef,maforor-ganismandtaltrit.ooinrnarineenvirOrimenthavedrawnmuchattenti0ntheuse0ftheirubiquity,persistenceandt0xidty.Marinesedtri…     

海洋初级生产力遥感与GIS评估模型研究

本文探讨了利用遥感和地理信息系统技术获取海洋初级生产力的基本原理和方法。根据表层海水叶绿素遥感信息反演模型。介绍了三种基于表层海水中叶绿素浓度的海洋初级生产力算法。根据这三种算法,利用ＧＩＳ建模技术,推导了具有空间特征的海洋初级生产力的ＧＩＳ理论估算模型,以及这种模型的求解方法。     

218Po法测氡对甘肃疏勒河断裂带中段的稳定性研究

本文以疏勒河断裂带中段遥感地质特征及甚低频电磁异常特征为基础,通过测定断裂带上部地表的氡射气浓度,对疏勒河断裂带中段的稳定性进行了分析和评价。结果表明,疏勒河断裂带中段是一条较为稳定的断裂。     

毛细管离子分析中迁移时间的影响因素

定量考察了毛细管离子分析中温度及离子浓度对迁移时间的影响。实验证明，随温度升高迁移时间缩短；不同样品中同一离子的迁移时间随离子浓度增大而规律性缩短。探索了阴离子分析中等迁移时间模式的应用情况及其存在的问题，指出了仪器分离室温度恒定的重要性和等迁移时间模式的应用有助于解决离子浓度相差较大的样品分离定性问题。     

氮类污染物在土壤中迁移转化规律试验研究

在分析氮物质迁移过程的基础上,借助于土柱物理模型试验装置,试验研究了氮类污染物在土壤中迁移转化规律,得到了NH₄+-N、NO₃--N在土柱内的时空变化过程。在分析实测资料后,建立了考虑氮的迁移和转化的数学模型。根据实测资料和数学模型的数值解,运用最优化技术率定模型参数,参数验证结果与独立的实测值吻合良好。     

辐射损伤法在寻找层间氧化带砂岩型铀矿床的应用研究

本文论述了电子顺磁共振法测量岩石中结晶石英的顺磁中心浓度──辐射损伤法在层间氧化带砂岩型铀矿床中的应用；在层间氧化带中，氧化带岩石中的石英顺磁中心浓度高，铀含量低，即辐射损伤大，古轴量高，而氧化－还原过渡带中的石英顺磁中心浓度低，铀含量高，表明铀源来自氧化带岩石。由此可以探讨矿床成因和成矿物质来源，并用于找矿和成矿预测工作。     

Estimates of global N2O emissions from cattle, pig and chicken manure, including a discussion of CH4 emissions

Humans seem to have doubled the global rate of terrestrial nitrogen fixation. Globally 50–70% (85 Tg, 1 Tg=10¹² g) of the nitrogen supplied in fertilizer (80 Tg N/a) and leguminous crops (40–80 Tg N/a) are used to feed cattle. The aim of the present study was to derive some estimates of global N₂O production from animal manure. As the parameter giving the most stable numerical basis for regional and global extrapolation we adopted the molar emission ratios of N₂O to NH₃. These ratios were measured in cattle, pig and chicken housings with different manure handling systems, in dung-heaps and in liquid manure storage tanks. Individual molar emission ratios from outside manure piles varied over two orders of magnitude, strongly dependent on the treatment of the manure. A median emission ratio of 1.6×10^-2 (n=65) was obtained in cow-sheds with slatted floors and liquid manure stored underneath and a median ratio of 24×10^-2 (n=31) was measured in a beef cattle housing with a solid manure handling system.We next extrapolated to global NH₃ emissions from those estimated for Europe, using N uptake by the animals as a scaling factor. Multiplication with observed N₂O to NH₃ ratios next provided some estimates of regional and global N₂O emissions. To account for the great variability of the emission ratios of N₂O/NH₃, we developed upper and lower case emission scenarios, based on lower and upper quartiles of measured emission ratios. The global emission from cattle and swine manure is in the range of 0.2–2.5 Tg N-N₂O/a, representing 44+-39% of the annual atmospheric accumulation rate. This N₂O emission arises from about 40 Tg N/a of cattle and pig manure stored in or at animal housings. We did not account for N₂O emissions from another 50 Tg N/a excreted by grazing cattle, goats and sheep, and application of the manure to agricultural fields. Our study makes it clear that major anthropogenic N₂O emissions may well arise from animal manure. The large uncertainty of emission ratios, which we encountered, show that much more intense research efforts are necessary to determine the factors that influence N₂O emissions from domestic animal manure both in order to derive a more reliable global estimate of N₂O release and to propose alternative waste treatment methods causing smaller N₂O releases. In our studies we found large enhancements in N₂O releases when straw was added to the manure, which is a rather common practice. In view of the ongoing discussion in Europe to re-install the traditional solid manure system (bed down cattle) for environmental and animal welfare reasons, it is noteworthy that our measurements indicate highest N₂O release from this particulary system.In a similar manner, but based on a smaller data set, we also estimated the release of CH₄ from cattle and swine manure and from liquid manure only to be about 9 Tg/year in good agreement with the estimate by the Environmental Protection Agency (1994) of 8.6+-2.6 Tg/year. A total annual methane release as high as 34 Tg/a was derived for solid and liquid cattle and pig manure from animals in housings.     

冬季大气环流对北太平洋海冰和黑潮暖流海温的强迫作用

本文应用奇异值分解等统计方法，探讨冬季北太平洋海冰浓度、海温与大尺度大气环流型间的联系。分析结果表明:冬季北太平洋海域海冰存在一个主要的分布型，即鄂霍次克海和白令海的海冰呈反位相。海冰的该种分布特征是与大气中的WP型紧密联系的，并以大气超前海冰一个月最为明显。同时，WP型强迫作用于黑潮暖流区的海温，海温滞后大气一个月。具体表现为在东亚冬季风较弱的年份，鄂霍次克海海冰增多，白令海海冰减少，黑潮暖流区海温增高，反之则相反。     

山西土壤Hg,Cd,As,Pb最高允许浓度研究

根据国内外制订土壤染物质最高允许浓度的原则，利用山西土壤元素地球化学背景值及土壤生态效应的研究资料，初步确定了山西省土壤中Ｈｇ，Ｃｄ，Ａｓ，Ｐｂ等污染物的最高允许浓度：Ｈｇ０．５ｍｇ／ｋｇ，Ｃｄ０．８ｍｇ／ｋｇ，Ａｓ２２ｍｇ／ｋｇ，Ｐｂ５０ｍｇ／ｋｇ。