膜生物流化床的气液传质特性研究

研究了膜生物流化床的传质特性,结果表明,反应器氧传质系数随着固含率的增加先增加后减小,随着气速和液速的增大而增大;气相含率受气速影响显著并随气速及固含率的增大而升高.载体挂膜后,系统的氧传质系数和气含率降低.     

Nutrient flux and budget in the Ebro estuary

The Ebro river flows to the Mediterranean coast of Spain. During its final stretch, the Ebro behaves in a similar way to a highly stratified estuary. This paper describes the transport of nutrients to the Ebro estuary, evaluates the general movement of nutrients in the estuarine region, using a mass balance approach, and estimates the amounts of nutrients discharged to the coastal environment. Given the strong saline stratification, this study only includes the surface layer that contains the continental freshwater. The annual nutrient budget for the Ebro estuary shows a net excess for nitrogen and phosphorus, while silicate almost attains equilibrium between addition and removal. There are several reasons for gains in nitrogen and phosphorous: a contribution of dissolved and particulate compounds in the freshwater (some of which are mineralized); a lower uptake of phytoplankton indicated by chlorophyll reduction in the estuary; an entrainment of the nutrient-rich upper part of the salt wedge; and, to a lesser extent, the impact of wastewater and agricultural water use. The biggest load discharged into the Mediterranean Sea by the Ebro is nitrogen, followed by silicate with over 10 000 tons of each deposited annually. Phosphorus is discharged at relatively low concentrations and with an annual load of about 200 t yr⁻¹.     

Spatial variability of nitrogen isotope ratios of particulate material from Northwest Atlantic continental shelf waters

Human encroachment on the coastal zone has led to concern about the impact of anthropogenic nitrogen (N) on estuarine and continental shelf waters. Western North Atlantic watershed budgets suggest that the export of human-derived N from estuaries to shelf waters off the east coast of the US may be significant; however, models based on water inputs and estimates of upwelling of deepwater nutrients to surface waters of the mid-Atlantic bight indicate that estuarine N may be a relatively minor component of the overall shelf N budget. Stable N isotope ratios could provide a means to assess the relative input of anthropogenic N to shelf waters, particularly since dissolved N from human sources has elevated δ¹⁵N values (range: 7–30‰). We collected particulate material from surface shelf waters off the US east coast from 2000 to 2005 at near-shore sample sites proximal to the mouth of six estuaries and corresponding sites farther offshore. Near-shore (mean 33.7 km from estuary mouth) δ¹⁵N values ranged from 5.5 to 7.7‰ Offshore values (mean 92.4 km from estuary mouth) were consistently lower than near-shore sites (average 4.7 ± 1.0‰ versus 6.8 ± 1.1‰), suggesting different N sources to near and offshore stations. Near-shore regions are often more productive, as mean monthly chlorophyll-a concentrations from the sea-viewing wide field-of-view sensor (SeaWiFS) were significantly higher at near-shore sites near the mouth of three of the six estuaries. A mass balance using a concentration-dependent mixing model with chlorophyll-a concentrations as a surrogate for dissolved inorganic nitrogen can account for all of the nitrogen at near-shore sites south of Cape Cod with estuarine nitrogen estimated to contribute 45–85% of the nitrogen to the near-shore surface particulate material. Our results support the hypothesis that estuarine nitrogen is influencing continental shelf ecosystems, and also provide preliminary evidence of the spatial extent of its influence on shelf waters in the mid-Atlantic bight.     

渤海中南部沉积物中生源要素的分布特征

从化学结合形式出发,对渤海中南部海区沉积物中OC、N、P、BSi等生源要素的含量进行调查分析,讨论了各生源要素的分布及其影响因素。结果表明:受陆源输入的影响,表层沉积物中各形态氮、磷及有机碳均呈现"近岸高,远岸低"的分布趋势,生物硅的含量分布则与海区浮游硅藻的分布趋势相一致;可交换态氮是总氮中较活跃的部分,占总氮的比例约为3.7%;固定态铵是总氮的主要组成部分,约占总氮的38.4%,其主要与有机质含量及黏土矿物组成有关;渤海表层沉积物中OC/BSi、ON/BSi以及OP/BSi的比值分别为2.38、0.19、0.03,低于Redfield比值,说明有机质优先于生物硅分解;OC/ON平均值在6.0~14.0之间,判断渤海沉积物中有机质受陆源输入和海洋自生共同影响;其中,有机碳主要以陆源输入为主,而有机氮在沉积物表层主要以陆源输入为主,在沉积物下层则主要来源于海洋自生。     

QK17-2油田注N2-WAG提高采收率可行性实验研究

气水交替驱（WAG）是增加油田水驱后的波及体积和减弱气驱过程因油气黏度差异而产生的气体指进现象的有效方法。QK17-2油田为注水开发油田,目前油田综合含水率已超过80%,已经进入开发中后期的高含水时期。针对QK17-2油田水驱后面临高含水、产油量下降的问题,通过地层流体相态实验、注N2膨胀实验、细管实验、长岩心驱替实验,研究注水后再注N2-WAG可进一步提高采收率的可行性。结果表明,单纯注N2效果不佳,注N2-WAG采收率较单纯水驱采收率提高4.46%~6.24%,而长岩心驱替在带倾角条件下注N2-WAG采收率较单纯水驱提高11%~12.58%,可见由油藏高点注N2-WAG采收率将有明显提高。     

海上油田细分层注水用泡沫体系优选实验研究

针对海上高孔高渗地质油藏特点,通过FOAMSCAN自动化仪器、动态阻力因子测试及物理模拟实验等技术手段,优选出Ⅱ号起泡剂的泡沫体系（起泡剂质量浓度0.5%,气液比为1∶1~3∶1）具有很好的生泡、稳泡及耐冲刷性能,可以有效的封堵渗透率近20μm2的高渗层。     

海南洋浦湾近百年来人与自然相互作用下的环境沉积记录

2005年8月在海南洋浦湾内湾取得1根柱状样,在铅-210定年的基础上分析沉积物粒度、总有机碳含量及其同位素值(δ13C)、总氮含量及其同位素值(δ15N)、生物硅含量、重金属(镍、镉、铬、铜、锌、铅)含量及有机氯农药(六六六、滴滴涕)含量等参数发现,111cm至表层,沉积物中有机碳、总氮、生物硅含量升高,特别是从45cm至表层,它们的含量明显增加,说明该湾内有富营养化趋势。由有机碳与总氮的原子比和有机碳同位素指示的物源信息可知,该湾内有机质来源为藻类和陆源脉管植物的混合,且以陆源输入为主。陆源有机碳含量与总有机碳含量的相关系数为0.917。自23cm至表层有机碳同位素明显偏轻,氮同位素偏重。从111cm至表层,重金属和有机氯农药含量升高。综合分析各环境指标可知,洋浦湾近百年来环境演变可分为三个时期,即20世纪70年代以前、70年代至90年代、90年代至21世纪初,洋浦湾经历了未污染期、轻度污染期、显著污染期。     

Increasing nutrient concentrations and the rise and fall of a coastal fishery; a review of data from the Nile Delta,Egypt

There is a conceptual basis, and some empirical evidence, that increasing nutrient loads to coastal waterbodies will initially increase ecosystem productivity up to a threshold, beyond which secondary productivity and fishery yields will decline. Here we have compiled data from the Egyptian and international literature for fish landings and inorganic nutrient (nitrogen and phosphorus) data from four large coastal lagoons (63–500 km²) on Egypt's Nile Delta to provide evidence for the initially positive, but then negative, response of fishery yields to increased nutrient supply across a very wide range of enrichment (up to 1 mM dissolved organic nitrogen, DIN). Taking the data from the four lagoons as an aggregate, fish landings increase with increased nutrients up to a peak in landings at approximately 100 μM DIN, beyond which there was an exponential decline in landings. It appears that pesticide and heavy metal contamination and overfishing played only minor roles in the lowered fishery yield at highest DIN concentrations. We do not have sufficient evidence about the specific mechanisms that led to the decline of the fishery, but suspect that some feature of eutrophication—low oxygen, for example, may have been involved.     

Role of mysid seasonal migrations in the organic matter transfer in the Curonian Lagoon,south-eastern Baltic Sea

We investigated population dynamics, growth and feeding of an omnivorous mysid, Paramysis lacustris, performing seasonal horizontal migrations in the Curonian Lagoon. In autumn, increased predation pressure and deteriorated feeding conditions, due to zooplankton and phytoplankton decline in the open water, forces mysids to migrate to the shoreline, where large amounts of decaying submersed vegetation occur at the end of plant growth season. Using stable isotope analysis and mixing models, we evaluated relative importance of decaying submersed macrophytes, lagoon phytoplankton and mesozooplankton in the diet of mysids during this period. In September–November, mysids actively grew and produced three cohorts. Specific growth rates of adults (10.9 ± 1.9 mm) and subadults (6 ± 0.5 mm) were 3 and 9% DW d⁻¹, respectively, resulting in population somatic production of 36 g DW m⁻². Both δ¹⁵N and δ¹³C of mysids varied in concert with those in suspended and bottom particulate organic matter (POM) and mesozooplankton. The mixing models estimated that 45% of mysid diets were composed of bottom POM originated from the decaying macrophyte Potamogeton perfoliatus, 45% by suspended POM largely consisting of phytoplankton, while mesozooplankton contributed less than 10% of the diet. This diet composition differs from that in summer, when mysids rely mostly on zooplankton and phytoplankton. Therefore, mysid horizontal migrations and their ability to efficiently utilize littoral detritus improve the efficiency of macrophyte detritus transfer up the food chain and inshore/offshore habitat coupling in the Curonian Lagoon.     

氮磷浓度对绿色巴夫藻生长及叶绿素荧光参数的影响

本文研究了绿色巴夫藻(Pavloca viridis)一次性培养过程中。不同氮浓度(0、100、880、7040μmol/L)和磷浓度(0、10、36.3、290.4μmol/L)对其生长及叶绿素荧光参数的影响。培养温度为20±1℃,盐度为31,光照强度为100μmol/Lolm~(-2)s~(-1)。单因子方差分析结果表明。在整个培养过程中,氮磷浓度对绿色巴夫藻的生长及各叶绿素荧光参数都有显著影响(P<0.05)。多重比较结果表明,绿色巴夫藻生长和进行光合作用的最适氮浓度为880μmol/L、磷浓度为36.3μmol/L。此条件下,该藻的细胞密度、叶绿素相对含量、F_v/F_m(PSⅡ的最大光化学效率)、ΦPSⅡ(PSⅡ的实际光能转化效率)、ETR(电子传递效率)、qP(光化学淬灭)显著高于其他浓度组。qN、NPQ(非光化学淬灭)开始处于较低水平,随着培养时间的延长逐渐增加至最高水平。