Nutrients and organic matter in the surface sediment of a submerged macrophyte zone in a eutrophic lake:Implications for lake management

Little is known about the distribution and risk levels of nutrients and organic matter(OM) in the surface sediment of shallow submerged macrophyte-dominated lakes. In the current study, sixty surface sediment samples were collected from Xukou Bay, a typical submerged macrophyte-dominated zone in Lake Taihu, China. A 60-day degradation experiment of Potamogeton malaianus, a dominant species in the bay,was done in the laboratory. The results demonstrated that the ranges of total nitrogen(TN) and t...     

新垦沙地农田土壤有机碳时空变异特征

针对河西走廊临泽绿洲边缘区域的新垦沙地农田,采用传统统计学和地统计学相结合的方法研究田块尺度的土壤有机碳时空变异特征。结果表明：（1）在本研究的空间尺度内,土壤有机碳含量在2.66～6.90 g·kg-1范围之间变化,平均值为4.45 g·kg-1,变异系数为24.5%;其空间分布呈明显的斑块状,最佳的变异函数理论模型为指数模型,其块金值和基台值分别为0.13和1.28,偏基台值和基台值的比值及变程分别为0.90及18.24 m;土壤有机碳空间分布与全氮、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量及电导率显著正相关（p＜0.01）,与pH值显著负相关（p＜0.05）。（2）在本研究的监测时间尺度内（2004-2010年）,土壤有机碳年平均值在3.81～4.71 g·kg-1幅度内变化,变异系数为6.8%,无明显的变化趋势;土壤有机碳含量年际间变化与播种量显著正相关,与作物产量显著负相关,而与施氮量、灌溉量和地上部生物量相关不显著。综上所述,新垦沙地农田土壤有机碳含量较区域水平低,其田块尺度的空间异质性是由成土母质、地形等区域因素作用的结果,而对农田管理影响下的新垦沙地农田土壤有机碳含量演变规律的研究需建立在更长时间尺度的土壤监测数据基础上。     

Effects of temperature, algae biomass and ambient nutrient on the absorption of dissolved nitrogen and phosphate by Rhodophyte Gracilaria asiatica

Gracilaria asiatica,being highly efficient in nutrient absorption,is cultivated in sea cucumber ponds to remove nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphate.It was cultured in a laboratory simulating field conditions,and its nutrient absorption was measured to evaluate effects of environmental conditions.Ammonia nitrogen(AN),nitrate nitrogen(NN),total inorganic nitrogen(TIN),and soluble reactive phosphorus(SRP) uptake rate and removal efficiency were determined in a 4×2 factorial design experiment in water temperatures(T) at 15℃ and 25℃,algae biomass(AB) at 0.5 g/L and 1.0 g/L,total inorganic nitrogen(TIN) at 30 μmol/L and 60 μmol/L,and soluble reactive phosphorus(SRP) at 3 and 6 μmol/L.AB and ambient TIN or SRP levels significantly affected uptake rate and removal efficiency of AN,NN,TIN,and SRP(P<0.001).G.asiatica in AB of 0.5 g/L showed higher uptake rate and lower removal efficiency relative to that with AB of 1.0 g/L.Nitrogen and phosphorus uptake rate rose with increasing ambient nutrient concentrations;nutrient removal efficiency decreased at higher environmental nutrient concentrations.The algae preferred to absorb AN to NN.Uptake rates of AN,NN,and SRP were significantly affected by temperature(P<0.001);uptake rate was higher for the 25℃ group than for the 15℃ group at the initial experiment stage.Only the removal efficiency of AN and SRP showed a significant difference between the two temperature groups(P<0.01).The four factors had significant interactive effects on absorption of N and P,implying that G.asiatica has great bioremedial potential in sea cucumber culture ponds.     

施肥对荒漠化草原草本植物种群密度和生物量的影响

通过外源施加N肥、P肥和N-P混合肥的试验,研究了荒漠化草原草本植物种群密度和生物量对不同肥料的响应,3种肥料均设置了0(对照)、5、10 g·m-2和20 g·m-2 4个投加水平。一年的研究结果表明：种群密度在3种肥料作用下均随着施肥水平的增大呈现逐渐降低的趋势,尤其是在高的N肥（20 g·m-2）处理下,优势种草本植物茵陈蒿（Artemisia capillaris）、多根葱（Allium polyrhizum）和冠芒草（Enneapogon brachystachyus）的密度及总密度均显著低于对照（p<0.05）;地上部及根部生物量在3种肥料处理下的响应同种群密度,即地上和根部生物量均随着施肥水平的增大而减小,其中,3种优势种草本植物的地上部生物量及总的地上部生物量随着施肥水平的增大均呈现出显著的负相关的关系,其决定系数（R2）均在0.80以上。可见,在荒漠区较低的降水条件下（年降水<180 mm）,施肥会抑制荒漠草本植物的种群密度和生物量,且其抑制作用与肥料种类无关。     

小叶章湿地土壤酶活性分布特征及其与活性有机碳表征指标的关系

选取三江平原小叶章（Calamagrostis angustifolia）沼泽湿地,研究了沼泽湿地土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、酸性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶活性及土壤活性有机碳表征指标（土壤微生物量碳MBC,微生物量氮MBN、溶解有机碳DOC）在近表土层（0～30cm）的分布特征,及其内在相关性,探讨酶活性与土壤活性有机碳库的关系。结果表明：表层土壤的酶活性和活性有机碳表征指标含量最高,随着土壤深度增加,土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、酸性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶活性及MBC、MBN、DOC均显著降低。经相关分析表明,土壤酶活性与土壤活性有机碳表征指标间呈极显著正相关关系,其中蔗糖酶与MBC、DOC相关系数最高,过氧化氢酶活性与MBN的相关系数最高。表明不同土壤酶对湿地土壤活性碳表征指标转化循环的贡献不同,土壤酶活性对土壤活性有机碳库有显著的影响,以蔗糖酶对活性有机碳库影响最为显著。     

Spatial distributions of organic carbon and nitro-gen and their isotopic compositions in sediments of the Changjiang Estuary and its adjacent sea area

The spatial distribution patterns of total organic carbon and total nitrogen show significant correlations with currents of the East China Sea Shelf. Corresponding to distribu-tions of these currents, the study area could be divided into four different parts. Total organic carbon, total nitrogen, and organic carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes in sediments show linear correlations with mean grain size, respectively, thus “grain size effect” is an important factor that influences their distributions. C/N ratios can reflect source information of organic matter to a certain degree. In contrast, nitrogen stable isotope shows different spatial distri-bution patterns with C/N and organic carbon stable isotope, according to their relationships and regional distributions. The highest contribution (up to 50%) of terrestrial organic carbon appears near the Changjiang Estuary with isolines projecting towards northeast, indicating the influence of the Changjiang dilution water. Terrestrial particulate organic matter suffers from effects of diagenesis, benthos and incessant inputting of dead organic matter of plankton, after depositing in seabed. Therefore, the contribution of terrestrial organic carbon to par-ticulate organic matter is obviously greater than that to organic matter in sediments in the same place.     

掺灰膨胀土表面吸附试验及吸水性验证

利用水蒸气吸附仪对石灰改性膨胀土进行水蒸气吸附试验,得出随着掺灰量的变化,膨胀土的吸水性先减小后增大,且在掺灰量为6%处取得最小值。为了研究引起膨胀土吸水性变化的主要原因,再对改性膨胀土进行氮气吸附试验,从而分析掺灰膨胀土孔隙结构的变化。研究发现,随着掺灰量的增加,BET微孔比表面积呈折线形变化,且在掺灰量为6%时取得最小值;中孔的累积容积随着掺灰量的增大而减小;随着掺灰量的增加,中孔孔径先增大后减小,且在掺灰量为6%处取得最大值。膨胀土的吸水性与中孔孔径的变化成负相关,且膨胀土的最佳掺灰量为6%。     

百花湖水体氮的空间分布研究

初步探讨了百花湖水体中氮的空间分布特征,并分析了氮及溶解氧(DO)的相关性。对8个站位的表层、4m、8m及12m水体中总氮、氨氮、硝酸盐氮、亚硝酸盐氮及溶解氧进行了测定。结果表明,百花湖水体中总氮的平均含量为1.18mg/L,氨氮的平均含量为0.144mg/L,硝酸盐氮的平均含量为0.20mg/L,亚硝酸盐氮的平均含量为0.018mg/L。百花湖入湖口附近的1号采样点总氮、氨氮和硝酸盐氮的平均浓度都较其它采样点高。分析表明百花湖中DO浓度与硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮呈负相关,相关系数分别为-0.629、-0.724。      

南黄海表层沉积物中氮的分布特征及其在生物地球化学循环中的功能

本文报道了南黄海表层沉积物中不同形态氮的区域分布特征及其在生物地球化学循环中的作用。结果显示 ,在粒径 <31 μm的粒度组分含量 >6 5 %( )、35 %～ 6 5 %( )和 <35 %( )的三个区域中 ,沉积物中不同形态氮的含量比值分别为 :1 .6 5 :1 .2 6 :1 (IEF- N) ,1 .2 3:1 .1 0 :1 (WAEF- N) ,1 .4 1 :1 .0 4 :1 (SAEF- N) ,2 .0 8:1 .4 5 :1 (SOEF- N) ,TN(1 .70 :1 .2 6 :1 ) ,即在细粒度组分 (<31 μm)含量较高的区域 ,不同形态氮的含量也相对较高 ;在三个分区内 ,不同形态氮的埋藏通量非常相近 ,而埋藏效率自 至 区逐渐递增 ,在细粒度组分 (<31 μm)含量最低的 区内 ,埋藏效率最高 ,TN的埋藏效率可达 30 .2 1 %,即南黄海表层沉积物中 70 %以上的氮在适当的条件下可释放进入水体参与其生物地球化学循环 ,能提供海洋新生产力所需氮的 6 .5 4 %,对海洋生产力具有一定的补充和调控作用。     

污水人工湿地处理对滨海生态系统修复研究进展

我国滨海生态系统受到水污染和生态破坏的双重压力。滨海区污水人工湿地处理既能有效去除BOD、氮磷等污染物,又能通过形成淡水帷幕控制海水入侵危害,实现了中水资源的综合利用和滨海生态系统的生态修复。