Temporal variations of C,N, δC,and δN in organic matter collected by a sediment trap at Cuenca Alfonso,Bahía de La Paz,SW Gulf of California

To monitor the composition and the vertical flux of particulate matter from the sea surface, a sediment trap was moored in Cuenca Alfonso, Bahía de La Paz, a zone of high productivity in the southwestern Gulf of California. Carbonate-free samples from 2002 to 2005 were analyzed for C_org, N, δ¹³C, and δ¹⁵N. The results show seasonal and interannual variability, with the δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N values larger in spring and summer than in fall and winter. The C:N ratio and δ¹³C increased by 1.5 units from 2002 to 2003–2005, suggesting a change in the supply of organic matter and-or the use or preferential degradation of N_org. There was no interannual variation in δ¹⁵N. The occasional high δ¹⁵N values suggest that physical mechanisms, such as the shoaling and advection into the bay of ¹⁵N-rich subsurface equatorial water, occur over short time periods. The latter is presumed to be related to the periodic development of a significant cyclonic gyre in the southern Gulf.     

Nitrogen isotope composition characteristics of modern plants and their variations along an altitudinal gradient in Dongling Mountain in Beijing

Through the systematic investigation of nitrogen isotope composition (δ15N) in modern plants in Dongling Mountain in Beijing,the characteristics of δ15N in plants,the differences of δ15N among plants with different functional types,and the altitudinal trends of plant δ15N values revealed the environmental effects on δ15N.Our results are:(1) the values of δ15N of plants in Dongling Mountain range between -8.0‰ and 14.0‰,with an average value of -1.03‰;(2) δ15N values are variant among different plant functio...     

Effect of Sludge Retention Time on Nitrifiers' Biomass and Kinetics in an Anaerobic/Oxic Process

In this study, the effect of sludge retention time on ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB) in an anaerobic/oxic (AO) process, was explored. The results indicated that the growth rate constants of AOB were 0.97, 0.88, and 0.79 d^–1, respectively, meanwhile, those of NOB were 1.22, 1.03, and 0.93 d^–1, respectively, when the sludge retention time (SRT) was 15 days, 10 days and 5 days. The relation between the growth rate constant and the SRT could be best described using a simple exponential curve and a second type hyperbolic curve. The lysis rate constants for AOB and NOB were 0.13 and 0.18 d^–1, respectively. The yield coefficients values of AOB and NOB were 0.22 and 0.21, respectively. The percentage of AOB to mixed liquid suspended solids (MLSS) was 0.64%, 0.53%, and 0.35%, respectively. Meanwhile, the percentage of NOB was 2.24%, 1.87%, and 1.11%, respectively, at SRT values of 15 days, 10 days and 5 days. When the SRT value decreased, the AOB and NOB biomass levels decreased by 12.75 and 47.01 mg L^–1, respectively. Meanwhile the removal efficiency of NH₄⁺‐N decreased from 90 to 26%, while the removal efficiency of total nitrogen (TN) decreased from 14 to 8%.     

Dissolved Nutrient Distributions in Groundwater in the Mediterranean Coastal Plains – the Case of Silifke,Turkey

Total carbon, nitrogen, and phosphate parameters were studied for the first time in the groundwater in the Silifke coastal plain, which is a RAMSAR site in Turkey. Seasonal variations of these parameters in the plain were examined based on groundwater data collected from 21 wells during the winter, spring, summer, and fall seasons. Total dissolved organic carbon (DOC), inorganic carbon (DIC), inorganic phosphate (DIP), inorganic nitrogen (DIN), and total alkalinity (TAlk) average values in the groundwater were low in all seasons (<2.2 mg/L for DOC; <54 mg/L for DIC; <0.06 mg/L for DIP; <1.5 mg/L for DIN; <232 mg/L for TAlk). The results showed a strong relationship between DIC and as expected. The results indicate that the content of these parameters in the groundwater of Silifke coastal plain pose no or little risk at present. However, computed Langelier Saturation Index (LSI) values indicated that the groundwater has a tendency to form scale and CaCO₃ precipitation may occur.     

鼠尾藻(Sargassum thunbergii)固碳能力对流速的响应

流动的海水可以为海藻的生长提供所需的营养物质,对其生长和繁殖起到了非常重要的作用,而当前的生理生态学模拟实验,大多忽略了这一重要的环境因子.大型海藻虽然被认为是第4类"蓝碳",但关于其固碳能力的研究较少.本研究设计了一种可以调节流速的大型海藻固碳能力测量系统,既可以测量大型海藻的净光合速率、呼吸速率和对无机氮、无机磷的...     

Nitrogen budget in the Changjiang River drainage area

We established a budget model of nitrogen (N) inputs and outputs between watersheds and waterbodies to determine the sources of riverine N in the Changjiang (Yangtze) River drainage area. Nitrogen inputs in the budget included N from synthetic fertilizer, biological fixation by leguminous and other crops, wet/dry atmospheric deposition, excreta from humans and animals, and crop residues. The total N input was estimated to be 17.6 Tg, of which 20% or 3.5 Tg N was transported into waterbodies. Of the total N transported into waterbodies, the largest proportion was N from animal waste (26%), followed by N from atmospheric wet/dry deposition (25%), synthetic fertilizer N (17%), N in sewage wastes (17%), N in human waste from rural areas (6%) and industrial wastewater N (9%). We studied the spatial patterns of N inputs and outputs by dividing the Changjiang River drainage area into four sub-basins, from upstream to downstream: the Tongtian River drainage area (TTD, the headwater drainage area, 138 000 km 2 , less disturbed by human activities); the Jinsha River drainage area (JSD, 347 000 km 2 , less disturbed by human activities, approx. 3 500 km upstream of the Changjiang estuary); the Pingshan-Yichang drainage area (PYD, 520 500 km 2 , large-scale human disturbance, about 2 000 km upstream of the Changjiang estuary); and the Yichang-Datong drainage area (YDD, 699 900 km 2 , large-scale human disturbance, approx. 620 km upstream of the Changjiang estuary). The average N input into waterbodies was 2.3, 7.3, 24.1, and 28.2 kg N/ha in the TTD, JSD, PYD, and YDD sub-basins, respectively, suggesting an increase of N-components of more than 10 times from upstream to downstream areas.     

Nitrogen biological cycle characteristics of seepweed (Suaeda salsa) wetland in intertidal zone of Huanghe (Yellow) River estuary

From April 2008 to November 2009,the nitrogen(N) cycle of plantsoil system in seepweed(Suaeda salsa) wetland in the intertidal zone of the Huanghe(Yellow) River estuary was studied.Results showed that soil N had sig-nificant seasonal fluctuations and vertical distribution,and the net N mineralization rates in topsoil were significantly different in growing season(p < 0.01).The N/P ratio(9.87 ± 1.23) of S.salsa was less than 14,indicating that plant growth was limited by N.The N accumulated in S.salsa litter at all times during decomposition,which was ascribed to the N immobilization by microbes from the environment.Soil organic N was the main N stock of plant-soil system,accounting for 97.35% of the total N stock.The N absorption and utilization coefficients of S.salsa were very low(0.0145 and 0.3844,respectively),while the N cycle coefficient was high(0.7108).The results of the N turnovers among compartments of S.salsa wetland showed that the N uptake amount of aboveground part and root were 7.764 g/m2and 4.332 g/m2,respectively.The N translocation amounts from aboveground part to root and from root to soil were 3.881 g/m2 and 0.626 g/m2,respectively.The N translocation amount from aboveground living body to litter was 3.883 g/m2,the annual N return amount from litter to soil was more than 0.125(-) g/m2(minus represented immobilization),and the net N mineralization amount in topsoil(0-15 cm) in growing season was 1.190 g/m2.The assessment of N biological cycle status of S.salsa wetland indicated that N was a very important limiting factor and the ecosystem was situated in unstable and vulnerable status.The S.salsa was seemingly well adapted to the low-nutrient status and vulnerable habitat,and the N quantitative relationships determined in the compartment model might provide scientific base for us to reveal the special adaptive strategy of S.salsa to the vulnerable habitat in the following studies.     

Patterns of spatial variation of nutrient content,epiphyte load and shoot size of Posidonia oceanica seagrass meadows (Mediterranean Sea)

Knowledge of patterns of spatial variability of vegetative development, epiphyte load and nutrient availability in seagrass meadows is essential for the adequate design of research and environmental monitoring programmes. Differences in shoot size, epiphyte load and nutrient content of leaves and epiphytes of the Mediterranean endemic seagrass Posidonia oceanica at spatial scales ranging from metres to hundreds of metres are evaluated using a hierarchical nested sampling design. The size and epiphyte load of P. oceanica shoots and the nitrogen and phosphorus content of leaves and epiphytes were different in most of the spatial scales considered. Sampling efforts concentrated at the metre scale incorporated most of the variability in size, epiphyte load and nutrient content of the leaves and epiphytes of P. oceanica shoots. Epiphyte load showed no correlation with nutrient content in the epiphytes or in the leaves. However, epiphyte load and shoot size were negatively correlated, which suggests that light penetration in the canopy may be a main determinant of epiphyte load.     

海水中总溶解氮测定的高温燃烧法和湿化学氧化法的比较

对测量海水中总溶解氮(TDN)的两种常用方法——高温燃烧法和过硫酸钾氧化法进行了比较。结果表明,两种方法在空白、精密度和准确度实验中不存在显著差异。对不同化合物的回收率均在92%～107%之间,加标回收实验回归曲线的斜率分别为0.93和0.92。对于现场海水样品的测定结果,两个断面拟合的斜率分别为0.92和0.97。HTC法比PO法对实际海水样品的氧化效率略高,在操作上也更方便、快捷。因此,高温燃烧法更适合海水中总溶解氮(TDN)的测定。     

铁山港海草生态区各种形态N的含量变化及其相互关系

根据2008年1月—2008年11月在铁山港海草生态区进行4个季节月综合调查所获取的数据资料,首次对水体中5种形态氮的含量变化特征及其相互关系进行研究。结果表明:不同形态N的含量变化具有海草生态区特点,TN含量明显偏高,DIN含量却显著偏低,依次排列为:TN>DN>DON>PN>DIN;其中TN、PN和DIN均以春夏季明显高于秋冬季出现,ON则呈夏秋季高、冬春季低特征,只有DON表现为夏季高、秋冬季次之、春季最低。相关分析显示:各种形态N之间以TN与PN、DN与DON之间的关系最为密切,多达非常显著(P≤0.01)的正相关水平,但在季节上却以秋季最为突出,所有形态N之间均以非常显著的正相关出现,具有很好的同源性。整个海区不同形态N/P比均较高,年平均值均在24.64～50.68之间,P相对于N呈匮乏状态,与N的补充源较丰富有关,海草枯落物在其中起重大贡献作用。