丹江中游典型小流域土壤总氮的空间分布

在丹江鹦鹉沟小流域, 利用网格状取样和典型样地取样相结合的方法, 进行土样采集, 共计采样点268 个, 测定土壤0~40 cm的总氮含量。应用传统统计学和地统计学的方法, 对不同深度下土壤总氮含量进行分析。结果表明:土壤总氮含量随土壤深度的增加而降低, 不同土层间土壤总氮含量存在显著差异(P < 0.01), 0~10 cm (A1)、10~20 cm (A2) 和20~40cm (A3) 土壤总氮含量平均值分别为0.85、0.47 和0.30 g/kg。3 个土层下, 总氮的最优模型均为线性模型, 具有中等空间相关性。经Kriging 插值分析, 不同土层下土壤总氮的空间分布呈带状格局。ANOVA 分析表明A1 和A2 层不同土地利用下土壤总氮含量存在显著差异(P <0.05), 不同土层下土壤总氮在不同坡度均存在显著差异(P < 0.05)。农地不同土层下土壤总氮含量与海拔、坡度和坡向均呈显著相关性(P < 0.01)。研究区0~40 cm土壤总氮储量为562.37t, 不同土地利用下0~40 cm 每平方米土壤总氮含量表现为林地>农地>草地, 分别为0.343、0.299 和0.289 kg/m²。     

长江口潮滩有机质来源的C、N稳定同位素示踪

依据长江河口潮滩自然环境特征和受人文活动影响的差异性,沿长江河口南岸潮滩选取了12个典型的监测站位,并分别于洪水季节 (7月份) 和枯水季节 (2月份) 在各监测站位进行了表层 (0~2 cm) 沉积物样品的采集。对表层沉积物有机质中稳定碳、氮同位素进行分析与测试发现,7月份稳定碳同位素值普遍低于2月份的稳定碳同位素值,其变化范围分别为 -29.8‰ ~ -23.7‰和-27.3‰ ~ -25.6‰;7月份和2月份稳定氮同位素分别为1.0‰ ~ 5.5‰和1.7‰~ 7.8‰。研究区域内,稳定碳、氮同位素的地区分布和季节变化特征揭示,有机质中的稳定碳、氮同位素组成不仅受陆源和海源有机质输入量之间消长变化的影响,同时一系列的生物地球化学过程、人为有机质的输入和沉积物粒度与叶绿素对碳、氮同位素组成均存在不同程度的改造作用。此外,利用稳定碳同位素质量平衡混合模型,还对陆源有机质输入量的贡献率进行了初步定量估算。     

粤东大规模海水增养殖区柘林湾表层沉积物中的含水量、有机质、氮和磷

柘林湾是粤东地区规模最大的海水增养殖区,近20年来水体富营养化情况日益加重,赤潮频繁发生。2002年7月至2003年7月对该湾9个站位表层沉积物中的含水量(W)、有机质(TOM)和不同形态的氮(TkN,NH₄+)与磷(Ex-P,Fe-P,Au-P,De-P,OP)进行每月一次的周年调查。结果显示,表层沉积物中的含水量和有机质及不同形态的氮、磷均呈现极显著意义的正相关关系,今后可用含水量直接对这些指标进行粗略估算。有机质与氮、磷呈显著意义的正相关关系,表明有机质是影响氮、磷含量和分布的重要因素之一。凯氏氮(TkN)和总磷(TP)的总平均值分别为(1113.1±382.5)μg/g和(567.2±223.3)μg/g,显著高于国内外许多同类型的海湾。各形态氮、磷含量年均值的平面分布呈现湾内(除S1,S7站外)高于湾外、养殖区高于非养殖区、网箱渔排养殖区高于牡蛎养殖区的总体趋势,说明湾内大规模增养殖业对海湾富营养化进程起着重要的作用。各形态氮、磷含量均于盛夏至初秋的高温季节(7-9月)处于年度峰值,这与该季节养殖动物处于生长旺期与高死亡率所造成的生物碎屑增多和有机质分解加速有关。与2002年7月相比,2003年7月的TkN和TP均出现大幅升高,与水体富营养化程度不断加重的趋势相符。此外,自生磷(Au-P)年平均占TP的49.2%,是该湾沉积物中最主要的磷形态。由于水体富营养化能导致沉积物的pH降低,继而促进Au-P中的自生钙氟磷灰石和碳酸钙所结合的磷释放进入水体,因而表层沉积物中高浓度的Au-P可能成为此类海湾富营养化水平加剧和赤潮大规模暴发加剧的隐患。     

Sedimentary records of eutrophication in the Changjiang Estuary upwelling area over last 100 a

The upwelling area in the Changjiang Estuary was selected to collect the core, where the red tide occurred frequently and hypoxic existed. The total organic carbon （TOC）, total nitrogen （TN）, biogenic silica （BSi） and stable organic carbon isotopic ratios（δ13 Corg） were determined on the 210pb-dated sediment core. The concentrations of TOC, TN, BSi as well as their sedimentation fluxes have in- creased to some extent since the 1970s. TOC and TN fluxes increased about 45%, 36% respectively. The average δ13 Coorg value in the core was -23.67 ×10^-3 which remained nearly constant before the 20 century. The δ13 Corg values increased after the 1900s, two marked increases were observed from the 1950s and the 1970s. A simple δ13 Cors model was used to estimate the contribution of terrigenous and marine organic matter inputs for the sediment, which indicated the increase in accumulation since the 1970s has been almost exclusively marine. The increasing of marine organic matter accumulation （TOC, TN and BSi） was corresponding with the increasing of fertilizer consumption and the NO3-N budgets from the Changjiang River. The riverine runoff of fertilizers and nutrients stimulated the algae blooming. Enhanced primary production resulted in an enrichment of organic matter in the sediment. These data support the hypothesis that anthropogenic nutrient loading has been a significant factor on the eutrophication in the Changjiang Estuary.     

绿潮生物学机制研究

绿潮发生机制极其复杂,但其核心机理是绿潮暴发时漂浮"藻席"中的浒苔快速形成巨大生物量,涉及浒苔生物学过程对环境的响应及其生理生化基础。为此,本文在已有研究报道的基础上,对浒苔生活史研究进行了充分的理论补遗;分析了漂浮"藻席"中浒苔生长与繁殖过程,认为该过程是绿潮生物量形成的关键;阐述了浒苔孢子囊形成是对富营养化背景下海水溶解无机氮(DIN)中硝态氮高占比的响应,认为一氧化氮分子可促进浒苔营养细胞向孢子囊的转化;解析了浒苔细胞对逆境因子的响应途径与机制。基于已有的研究成果,本文对浒苔引发绿潮的生物学过程进行了理论推定。人为或自然因素使固着浒苔处于漂浮状态,形成小规模"藻席";富营养化背景下海水DIN中硝态氮占比的升高赋予了浒苔巨大的繁殖潜能,漂浮过程溶解无机碳(DIC)"充裕"和"不足"两个阶段的交替以及食藻动物啃食产生的藻片段使孢子囊形成比例大幅提升;孢子原位萌发等使释放的孢子在"藻席"中获得了附着基,个体数目随之指数增长;结合漂浮浒苔的高生长速率,"藻席"规模不断扩大,短时间内形成巨大生物量。同时,本文还对今后的绿潮研究提出一些建议,认为啃食动物在浒苔生物量消长过程中发挥重要作用,在...     

Reservoirs are hotspots of nitrogen cycling in peatland catchments

This study presents input–output budgets of total dissolved nitrogen (TDN), dissolved organic N (DON) and dissolved inorganic N (DIN) for a reservoir in a peatland catchment in the south Pennines (UK). This site receives high levels of atmospheric inorganic N deposition, in the range of 26 kg N ha^?1 yr^?1. The results show that the reservoir retains ~21 to 31% of the annual TDN input (8806 ± 741 kg N). Approximately 39 to 55% of DON (3782 ± 653 kg N) and 6 to 13% of DIN (5024 ± 349 kg N) were retained/processed. A long water retention time (104 days), average annual pH of 6.5, high concentrations of DIN in the reservoir water and a deep water column suggest that denitrification is potentially a key mechanism of N retention/removal. The results also demonstrate that DON is potentially photodegraded and utilized within the reservoir, particularly during the summer season when 58 to 80% of DON input (682 ± 241 kg N) was retained, and a net export of DIN (~34 kg N) was observed. The findings therefore suggest that DON may play a more crucial role in the biogeochemistry of peat‐dominated acid sensitive upland freshwater systems than previously thought. Reservoirs, impoundments and large lakes in peatland catchments may be important sites in mediating downstream N transport and speciation. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Trickle or treat: The dynamics of nutrient export from polar glaciers

Cold‐based polar glacier watersheds contain well‐defined supraglacial, ice‐marginal, and proglacial elements that differ in their degree of hydrologic connectivity, sources of water (e.g., snow, ice, and/or sediment pore water), meltwater residence times, allochthonous and autochthonous nutrient, and sediment loads. We investigated 11 distinct hydrological units along the supraglacial, ice marginal, and proglacial flow paths that drain Joyce Glacier in the McMurdo Dry Valleys of Antarctica. We found that these units play unique and important roles as sources and/or sinks for dissolved inorganic nitrogen and dissolved inorganic phosphorus and for specific fractions of dissolved organic matter (DOM) as waters are routed from the glacier into nutrient‐poor downstream ecosystems. Changes in nutrient export from the glacial system as a whole were observed as the routing and residence times of meltwater changed throughout the melt season. The concentrations of major ions in the proglacial stream were inversely proportional to discharge, such that there was a relatively constant “trickle” of these solutes into downstream ecosystems. In contrast, NO₃^? concentrations generally increased with discharge, resulting in delivery of episodic pulses of dissolved inorganic nitrogen‐rich water (“treats”) into those same ecosystems during high discharge events. DOM concentrations or fluorescence did not correlate with discharge rate, but high variability in DOM concentrations or fluorescence suggests that DOM may be exported downstream as episodic treats, but with spatial and/or temporal patterns that remain poorly understood. The strong, nutrient‐specific responses to changes in hydrology suggest that polar glacier drainage systems may export meltwater with nutrient compositions that vary within and between melt seasons and watersheds. Because nutrient dynamics identified in this study differ between glacier watersheds with broadly similar hydrology, climate, and geology, we emphasize the need to develop conceptual models of nutrient export that thoroughly integrate the biogeochemical and hydrological processes that control the sources, fate, and export of nutrients from each system.     

Assessing the importance of seepage and springs to nitrate flux in a stream network in the Wisconsin sand plains

Evaluating the flow paths that contribute to solute flux in stream networks can lead to greater understanding of the linkages between biogeochemistry and hydrology. We compared the contributions of groundwater in spring brooks and in seepage through the streambed to nitrate flux in the Emmons Creek network in the Wisconsin sand plains. We predicted that spring brooks would contribute disproportionately to nitrate flux due to the presumed higher advection rates in springs and less opportunity for nitrate removal relative to seeps. Nitrate flux was measured in 15 spring brooks that entered Emmons Creek. Nitrate flux from seepage was measured at the locations of 30 piezometers, based on Darcy's Law, and by a reach‐scale injection of Rhodamine water tracing (RWT). When seepage discharge was estimated from the RWT release, groundwater inputs from seepage and springs accounted for the discharge gain in the Emmons Creek channel. Springs brooks and seepage (based on the RWT release) contributed 37% and 63%, respectively, to nitrate flux inputs in the study reach. Contrary to our prediction, seeps contributed disproportionately to nitrate flux relative to their discharge. Relatively high rates of seepage discharge and higher than anticipated nitrate concentrations in the shallow pore water at seepage locations contributed to the unanticipated result.     

Preliminary Study on the Responses of Three Marine Algae,Ulva pertusa （ Chlorophyta ） , Gelidium amansii （ Rhodophyta ）and Sargassum enerve （ Phaeophyta）, to Nitrogen Source and Its Availability

1　Introduction　Inrecentyears ,eutrophicationhasbecomeaworld wideenvironmentalprobleminthecoastalarea.Aqua culturebecomesaseriouspollutionsourcelikesewagedischarge .Wasteproductsfromfishfarmsconsistma inlyofnitrogen ,phosphorusandcarbondioxide .Inpen bas…     

Trace Gas Measurements Between Moscow and Vladivostok Using the Trans-Siberian Railroad

Using a laboratory wagon traveling along the Trans-Siberian railroad, O₃, NO, NO₂, CO, CH₄, SF₆ and black carbon aerosol have been measured during the summer of 1996. The expedition from Niznij Novgorod (500 km east of Moscow) to Vladivostok (and back to Moscow) has shown the great potential of the train method; here the first results are presented and discussed. A wealth of boundary layer air data was obtained during the over 18000 km travel without serious contamination problems from the electric train itself. The diurnal O₃ cycle peaked generally below 50 nmole/mole, showed the effects of changes in J(NO₂), and often dropped to a few nmole/mole at night time during inversions. Over the vast Siberian lowlands situated between the Ural mountains and the river Yenisey, CH₄ levels were consistently elevated at around 1.95 µmole/mole, which we mainly attribute to wetland emissions. Over eastern Siberia, however, CH₄ levels were generally lower at 1.85 µmole/mole. In contrast, over the west Siberian lowlands, CO levels were relatively low, often reaching values of only 110 nmole/mole, whereas over eastern Siberia CO levels were higher. Very high CO levels were detected over a 2000 km section east of Chita, along the river Amur, which represented an enormous polluted air mass. ¹⁴C analysis performed on several CO samples confirms that the origin was biomass burning. SF₆, which was measured as a general conserved tracer, showed an eastward attenuation from 4.0 to 3.9 pmole/mole, with peaks in a number of places due to local Russian emissions.