活化沸石除铵及其动力学过程研究

对新型水处理材料活化沸石去除水中氨氮的各项性能进行了研究。单因素影响试验表明,沸石用量、粒径、溶液温度、浓度、pH值及吸附时间对去除效果有重要影响。据此确定了最佳静态试验条件,在该条件下,活化沸石对水中的氨氮有较好的去除效果,可将生活污水中的120 mg/L氨氮降到40 mg/L。动态小试确定了小试设备的工艺参数,该处理设备在实际运行过程中,吸附周期为64 h,处理效果良好。动力学研究表明,活化沸石除铵是离子交换与吸附两种行为共同作用的结果,该过程符合Freundlich等温式,动力学方程可用一级反应来描述。     

钾、钠离子对垃圾渗滤液RO浓缩液中鸟粪石结晶的影响

垃圾渗滤液RO浓缩液等高氨氮废水中钾钠离子浓度较高,而钾钠离子对鸟粪石结晶法回收氨的影响规律尚未了解。本文通过向人工配制不同钾钠浓度的模拟和实际RO浓缩液中投加镁盐、磷酸盐促使鸟粪石结晶,测定结晶前后溶液中氨氮、磷酸盐、钾钠离子浓度,并利用XRD、SEM分析结晶产物的结构和形貌,探讨钾钠离子对鸟粪石结晶及氨回收率的影响。结果表明,随着K~+浓度增加,氨氮回收率由96. 5%降至83. 0%,结晶产物中K~+质量分数由2. 4%升至6. 4%;鸟粪石特征衍射峰向高角度偏移,说明K~+进入鸟粪石晶格位置形成含钾鸟粪石;由于K~+与NH4+存在竞争,在相同镁、氨氮、磷配比条件下会降低氨的回收率,但K~+对鸟粪石粒径和形貌基本无影响。Na+对氨氮回收率影响不显著,但会影响鸟粪石晶体形貌。用实际垃圾渗滤液RO浓缩液实验表明,在鸟粪石结晶回收氨氮的水处理中考虑到K~+的竞争,提高镁盐、氨氮与磷酸盐的投加比例为1. 8∶1∶1. 5即可保证氨氮的回收率,同时还可部分回收其中的K~+成为缓释肥营养组分。     

末次冰期以来南海北部下陆坡区沉积有机质地球化学特征及其意义

选取南海北部下陆坡-深海平原过渡带典型沉积柱状样,通过对其沉积有机质的整体有机地球化学特征进行表征,探讨了南海下陆坡-深海平原区沉积有机质在冰期/间冰期旋回中的赋存状态、来源变化以及与古气候环境之间的相应关系。结果表明,总有机碳（TOC）、总氮（TN）和有机质稳定碳同位素（δ13Corg）与冰期/间冰期旋回有明显的对应关系,冰期时对应高值,间冰期时对应低值;而有机质稳定氮同位素（δ15N）表现为全新世时其值偏低,末次冰消期其值偏高,与气候旋回没有相关性; C/N值和δ13Corg值都表明南海北部下陆坡沉积有机质来源是陆相和海相的混源,且在末次冰期/间冰期尺度上主要以海相来源为主。     

The distribution of dimethylcarbazoles in oils from the Pearl River Mouth Basin, South China Sea

C2-carbazole isomers have been investigated in crude oils from the Hui-Liu Structure Ridge (HLSR) in the Pearl River Mouth Basin (PRMB), South China Sea. The NH shielded isomer, as well as the NH partially shielded isomers, was detected in high abundance and the NH exposed isomers in lower abundance. A small-enrichment trend of 1,8-dimethylcarbazole (DMC) was observed in crude oils along the western part of HLSR (WPHLSR), which may indicate little effect of migration on the C2-carbazole distributions. Two strikingly different distribution patterns of NH partially shielded isomers were observed in the reservoirs along the WPHLSR: one with a preference of 1,3- and 1,6-DMCs and the other with a preference of 1,4- and 1,5-DMCs. All of the oils occurring in the Upper reservoirs have a preference of 1,3- and 1,6-DMCs, whereas those trapped in the Lower reservoirs show a preference of 1,4- and 1,5-DMCs, which may indicate there are two petroleum migration systems in the WPHLSR.     

喀斯特石漠化区不同优势树种根际土壤有机碳及氮磷的变化

通过对贵州中部喀斯特石漠化区典型植被及土壤进行调查,探讨森林退化过程中不同群落优势树种根际土壤有机碳及氮磷含量的变化。结果表明:根际土壤有机碳及氮磷含量均高于非根际土壤;在不同植被类型之间,林木根际对土壤有机碳及氮磷的累积效应存在明显的差异性,其中土壤有机碳的累积效应表现最明显,其次是土壤磷素,而土壤氮素累积效应的差异性较小。在树木根基0～30cm水平范围内,根际土壤总有机碳、易氧化有机碳、全氮、有效氮和有效磷含量都明显高于30～90cm外围根际区。不同群落优势树种之间,根际土壤碳及氮磷总量的差异性表现为总有机碳＞全氮＞全磷,而碳及氮磷的生物有效态含量则表现为有效磷＞易氧化有机碳＞有效氮。森林退化过程中,群落优势树种根际土壤总有机碳、易氧化有机碳及有效磷含量出现显著的下降,从而明显地影响土壤的肥力水平。      

增温、施氮、CO2浓度升高对羊草(C3)、芦苇(C4)植硅体组合的影响

研究未来全球变暖和氮沉降下C3、C4植物植硅体的变化规律,对松嫩草原优势群落演替方向的预判、古植被及古气候的重建和全球环境变化的预测等工作具有重要意义.本文选取松嫩草原的优势物种羊草(Leymus chinensis,C3)和芦苇(Phragmites communis,C4),对其进行模拟增温、施氮、CO2浓度升高处理,研究叶片部位植硅体的组合规律及形态变化特征,试图寻找在改变某一单一环境要素条件下,C3、C4植物所含各类型植硅体百分含量及形态的变化规律,以探究C3、C4植物植硅体对不同环境因素响应的异同.结果显示:CO2浓度升高、增温对羊草植硅体发育具有促进作用,对芦苇植硅体发育起抑制作用;氮素过高对羊草和芦苇植硅体的发育都不利,但增温能减轻施氮对羊草植硅体的负面效应.棒型、板型、方型、块状、蜂窝状植硅体对模拟增温、施氮、CO2浓度升高反应敏感,可作为指示环境变化的新指标.     

Acid rain in China-Input-output budgets of major ions in four forested catchments

Acid rain is one of China＇s major environmental problems and emissions of sulphur and nitrogen are still increasing. The acid rain situation in China is somewhat different from what is seen in Europe and North America. Sulfur deposition is very high, but there is also very high deposition of calcium and other base cations. The sources of atmospheric Ca are not well understood, although it is important for understanding long term impacts of acid deposition. The fate of S, N and Ca^2＋ in the catchment is crucial for the future development of the acidification situation of soils and waters in China. Very few studies presenting catchment input-output ion budgets in Chinese natural environments exist and there are several unknown factors regarding processes. Here, we present annual input-output budgets for three years （2001-2003） for major ions for four forested catchments in China receiving different loads of acid deposition. For the two sites receiving the highest SO4^2- inputs, the input-output budget for the upper 50 cm of soil is approximately balanced. For the most remote site the soil is a net sink for SO4^2-, suggesting that the pool of adsorbed SO4^2- in the soil is building up. This is in agreement with the fact that the site so far has received only moderate SO4^2- inputs. For the southemmost, the subtropical site there is a loss of SO4^2- in the soil, which at least partly may be related to high uptake from the dense and highly productive forest at the site. The Ca^2＋ budgets for the upper 50 cm of soil show large variations both within and between sites. For most locations there is production of Ca^2＋ in the soil that can be explained by weathering, and variation between years related to hydrology that can be explained by ion exchange. However, at some plots at the site receiving very high inputs of both SO4^2- and Ca^2＋, there is an unknown sink of Ca^2＋ in the soil at some plots.     

电解脱氮除磷技术在海产养殖废水治理中的研究

海产养殖迅速发展造成水域富营养化、赤潮频发,海产养殖废水污染的治理迫在眉睫。为解决此问题将电解脱氮除磷技术应用在海产养殖废水处理中,并探讨电压、pH、极板间距和电解时间对脱氮除磷去除率的影响。结果表明:脱氮除磷的去除率与电压成正相关,与极板间距成负相关。在电压为30V,极板间距10cm,pH为7时,NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N和TP的去除率达到最大分别为72%、90%、85%。     

Effects of Biodegradation on the Distribution of Alkylcarbazoles in Crude Oils

We have investigated the distributions of alkylcarbazoles in a series of crude oils with different biodegradation extents, in combination with biomarker parameters, stable carbon isotopic ratios and viscosities. The analyses showed that slight biodegradation has little effect on alkylcarbazoles. The concentrations of C₀-, C₁-, and C₂-carbazoles seem to display a slight decrease with biodegradation through the moderately biodegraded stage, and an abrupt decrease to the heavily biodegraded stage. The relative concentrations of C₀-, C₁-, and C₂-carbazoles do not show any apparent change in the non-heavily biodegraded stages, but through non-heavily biodegraded to heavily biodegraded stages, the percentages of C₀- and C₁-carbazoles decrease, and those of C₂-carbazoles increase significantly, which may indicate that C₂-carbazoles are more resistant to biodegradation than lower homologous species. As to C₂-carbazole isomers, the relative concentrations of the pyrrolic N-H-shielded, pyrrolic N−H partially shielded and pyrrolic N-H-exposed isomers do not show any obvious variation in the non-heavily biodegraded oil, but there is an abrupt change through the mid-biodegraded stage to the heavily biodegraded stage. This project was financially supported by the Youth Knowledge-Innovation Foundation of CNPC (No. 00Z1304).     

北京市北运河沉积物对氮、磷的吸附/解吸动力学特征

选取北运河土沟、榆林庄及和合站3个典型河道断面,进行河道0~60 cm深度沉积物对氨氮、磷酸盐的吸附/解吸批平衡静态试验研究,采用多种动力学模型分析北运河沉积物对氮、磷的吸附/解吸动力学特性,提出适用于北运河沉积物吸附/解吸特性的动力学模型,并对模型参数的主要影响因素进行探讨.结果表明:1)北运河典型断面各深度的沉积物对氨氮和磷酸盐的吸附/解吸过程总体呈现3个阶段:快反应阶段—慢反应阶段—平衡阶段;在0~0.5 h的快反应阶段可完成吸附或解吸总量的60%,且对氮、磷的吸附速率大于解吸速率.2)北运河各断面对氨氮与磷酸盐的平衡吸附量表现为S(榆林庄)S(土沟)S(和合站);对氨氮的平衡解吸量表现为S(土沟)S(榆林庄)S(和合站),对磷酸盐的平衡解吸量表现为S(和合站)S(土沟)S(榆林庄),沉积物对氨氮和磷酸盐的吸附以化学吸附为主,平衡吸附与解吸量随断面深度的增加而减小,0~20 cm表层沉积物对氮、磷的吸附能力较强.3)Lagergren二级动力学模型对各深度沉积物的吸附/解吸过程拟合最优,模型参数公式为k2=S-0.369max+0.163;qe=0.022 Smax+18.077 Kf+41.947.通过模拟得出在400 mg/L氮、磷浓度下吸附于沉积物中的氮、磷污染物会随着解吸过程释放52%~80%的氨氮和6%~42%的磷酸盐,可能不仅二次污染上覆水体,还随河水下渗从而对地下水质形成潜在污染风险.