春季长江口及其邻近海域溶解有机物的分布、组成及降解行为研究

2021年3月对长江口及其邻近海域9个断面溶解氨基酸(THAA)、溶解有机碳(DOC)和溶解有机氮(DON)的分布和组成进行了调查研究。结果表明:THAA的浓度范围为1.24~4.71μmol/L,平均浓度为(2.61±0.85)μmol/L;DOC的浓度范围为118.17~450.58μmol/L,平均浓度为(149.73±33.34)μmol/L;DON的浓度范围为10.48~24.45μmol/L,平均浓度为(13.80±1.81)μmol/L。THAA、DOC和DON的水平分布表现出近岸高于远岸的特点,表明陆源输入对调查区域的THAA等分布有重要影响。而THAA与D-天门冬氨酸、D-谷氨酸、D-丝氨酸和D-丙氨酸的D/L比均呈显著负相关,与天门冬氨酸/β-丙氨酸(Asp/β-Ala)呈正相关,表明细菌活动是影响THAA浓度变化的重要因素。长江口及邻近海域的优势氨基酸为L型氨基酸,D型氨基酸和非蛋白型氨基酸的占比仅为7.34%。基于C/N比值分析,长江口及其邻近海域溶解有机物(DOM)的来源受到长江冲淡水和台湾暖流的共同影响。THAA-C%、THAA-N%、降解因子和反应活性指数表明:水平方向上盐度接近于0的淡水区域和盐度高于34的远海区域降解程度较高;垂直方向上随着深度的增加,有机物的降解程度逐渐升高。调查区域有机物的降解程度主要受到陆源输入和细菌活动的影响。     

Tropospheric ozone and oxides of nitrogen over the north-western Pacific in summer

In summer, atmospheric ozone was measured from an aircraft platform simultaneously with nitric oxide (NO), oxides of nitrogen (NO _y ), and water vapor over the Pacific Ocean in east Asia from 34° N to 19° N along the longitude of 138±3°E. NO _y was measured with the aid of a ferrous sulfate converter. The altitude covered was from 0.5 to 5 km. A good correlation in the smoothed meridional distributions between ozone and NO _y was seen. In particular, north of 25° N, ozone and NO _y mixing ratios were considerably higher than those observed in tropical marine air south of 25° N. NO _y and O₃ reached a minimum of 50 pptv and 4 ppbv respectively in the boundary layer at a latitude of 20° N. The NO concentration between 2 and 5 km at the same latitude was 30 pptv. The profiles of ozone and water vapor mixing ratios were highly anti-correlated between 25° N and 20° N. In contrast, it was much poorer at the latitude of 33° N, suggesting a net photochemical production of ozone there.     

Modelling indicators of water security,water pollution and aquatic biodiversity in Europe

Abstract

The GWAVA (Global Water AVailability Assessment) model for indicating human water security has been extended with a newly developed module for calculating pollutant concentrations. This module is first described and then illustrated by being used to model nitrogen, phosphorus and organic matter concentrations. The module uses solely input variables that are likely to be available for future scenarios, making it possible to apply the module to such scenarios. The module first calculates pollutant loading from land to rivers, lakes and wetlands by considering drivers such as agriculture, industry and sewage treatment. Calculated loadings are subsequently converted to concentrations by considering aquatic processes, such as dilution, downstream transport, evaporation, human water abstraction and biophysical loss processes. Aquatic biodiversity is indicated to be at risk if modelled pollutant concentrations exceed certain water quality standards. This is indicated to be the case in about 35% of the European area, especially where lakes and wetlands are abundant. Human water security is indicated to be at risk where human water demands cannot be fulfilled during drought events. This is found to be the case in about 10% of the European area, especially in Mediterranean, arid and densely-populated areas. Modelled spatial variation in concentrations matches well with existing knowledge, and the temporal variability of concentrations is modelled reasonably well in some river basins. Therefore, we conclude that the updated GWAVA model can be used for indicating changes in human water security and aquatic biodiversity across Europe.

Editor Z.W. Kundzewicz

Citation Dumont, E., Williams, R., Keller, V., Voss, A., and Tattari, S., 2012. Modelling indicators of water security, water pollution and aquatic biodiversity in Europe. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 57 (7), 1378–1403.     

Beaver dams along an agricultural stream in southern Ontario,Canada: their impact on riparian zone hydrology and nitrogen chemistry

The hydrology and nitrogen biogeochemistry of a riparian zone were compared before and after the construction of beaver dams along an agricultural stream in southern Ontario, Canada. The beaver dams increased surface flooding and raised the riparian water table by up to 1·0 m. Increased hydraulic gradients inland from the stream limited the entry of oxic nitrate‐rich subsurface water from adjacent cropland. Permeable riparian sediments overlying dense till remained saturated during the summer and autumn months, whereas before dam construction a large area of the riparian zone was unsaturated in these seasons each year. Beaver dam construction produced significant changes in riparian groundwater chemistry. Median dissolved oxygen concentrations were lower in riparian groundwater after dam construction (0·9–2·1 mg L^?1) than in the pre‐dam period (2·3–3·9 mg L^?1). Median NO₃‐N concentrations in autumn and spring were also lower in the post‐dam (0·03–0·07 mg L^?1) versus the pre‐dam period (0·1–0·3 mg L^?1). In contrast, median NH₄‐N concentrations in autumn and spring months were higher after dam construction (0·3–0·4 mg L^?1) than before construction (0·13–0·14 mg L^?1). Results suggest that beaver dams can increase stream inflow to riparian areas that limit water table declines and increase depths of saturated riparian soils which become more anaerobic. These changes in subsurface hydrology and chemistry have the potential to affect the transport and transformation of nitrate fluxes from adjacent cropland in agricultural landscapes. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

组织培养获得的海黍子幼孢子体的营养盐吸收和生长特性的研究

以组织培养间接获得的海黍子幼孢子体为实验对象,研究温度和氮、磷浓度对其营养盐吸收和生长的影响。结果显示,15~30℃范围内幼孢子体均可吸收NO-3-N、NH+4-N和PO3-4-P。25~30℃下NH+4-N的吸收显著高于10~15℃时,而NO-3-N和PO3-4-P的吸收速率在实验温度下差异不显著。NO-3-N、NH+4-N和PO3-4-P的最大吸收速率分别出现在15、25和25℃。当氮浓度3 000μg·L-1时,幼孢子体均可吸收NO-3-N和NH+4-N,且二者均呈现开放型吸收模式。当磷浓度30μg·L-1时,幼孢子体可吸收PO3-4-P,且呈现饱和型模式。温度对幼孢子体的生长影响显著。10~30℃范围内,富含氮磷组和去除氮磷组的特定生长率(SGR)均随着温度的升高先增大后减小,且最大SGR(分别为19.58%·d-1和14.58%·d-1)均在25℃时取得;叶绿素a、c的含量随着温度的升高先减小后增大。氮、磷浓度对幼孢子体的生长影响显著。富含氮磷组的SGR、叶绿素a含量和叶绿素c含量分别在15~25℃、15~30℃和20~30℃范围内显著高于去除氮磷组。     

城市河流沉积物中氮素与好氧甲烷氧化菌群落特征响应关系

由于人类活动的影响大量未经处理的废污水汇入城市河流,高浓度的污染物影响了河流中微生物对生物地球化学物质迁移和转化的介导作用.本文选取典型的城市河流——北运河作为研究区域,分析了北运河沉积物中氮素形态以及含量的空间和季节差异性,并结合克隆文库分子生物学的方法,探讨了氮素形态和含量的差异对好氧甲烷氧化菌(aerobic methane-oxidizing microorganisms,MOB)群落特征的影响.结果表明:北运河沉积物中铵态氮(NH_4~+-N)为氮素的主要存在形态,存在显著的空间差异,其含量在下游显著高于上游,但季节差异不显著.NH_4~+-N含量的空间差异对MOB的群落结构和群落分布有显著影响,对群落多样性影响不显著.NH_4~+-N含量的空间分布特征与MOB的群落聚类特征一致,NH_4~+-N对MOB群落分布的影响显著高于其他形态的氮素,其含量越高,则与MOB群落分布的响应关系越紧密.北运河中NH_4~+-N的来源影响了沉积物中MOB的主要来源,MOB高同源性菌群的来源与NH_4~+-N等主要污染物的来源一致.沉积物中MOB物种之间联系的紧密程度依赖于氮素的主要存在形态及其含量水平.NH_4~+-N含量较高的下游沉积物中微生物彼此之间关系及集聚程度更强,受外界环境变化的干扰程度更强,受人类活动引起环境变化的敏感程度更高.城市河流中氮素的形态和含量差异对甲烷的氧化过程有显著影响.探究城市河流沉积物中高含量的NH_4~+-N对甲烷产生及消耗的影响过程是控制河流温室气体排放的关键.     

土壤冻融过程对祁连山森林土壤碳氮的影响

利用祁连山区3个气象站常年监测的冻土与温度资料,研究了0~60 cm层次土壤有机碳和全氮分布及与海拔高度、土壤温度的关系,并在室内模拟研究了冻融过程（-20~15 ℃）对祁连山青海云杉林和高山灌丛林土壤有机碳和氮矿化过程的影响. 结果表明：土壤的有机碳和全氮含量随海拔上升呈增加趋势,土壤有机碳和全氮含量与海拔呈显著正相关关系,与土壤温度呈显著负相关关系. 室内模拟实验表明,经过多次冻融循环过程,冻融处理抑制了土壤有机碳矿化过程,对照处理土壤有机碳矿化速率高于冻融处理. 冻融次数也是影响土壤有机氮矿化的一个重要因素,经过42次冻融,青海云杉林和高山灌丛林土壤中有机氮质量分数分别提高了2.42倍和2.82倍. 土壤冻融过程促进了土壤有机氮的矿化,有利于土壤中有效氮的累积.     

大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides)不同养殖模式氮磷收支及养殖效果研究

为了揭示池塘内循环流水养殖模式(Inner-Pond Raceway Aquaculture,IPRA)氮磷收支变化及养殖效果情况,阐明其生态特征及营养物质的来源与归宿,合理评价IPRA的经济与生态效益,通过定期采样计算氮磷的输入和输出项目,同时设置传统常规养殖池塘(usual pond aquaculture,UPA)为对照组。结果表明:(1)两种养殖模式中,饲料是池塘氮、磷输入的主要来源,分别占IPRA和UPA池塘氮输入的95.02%±2.31%和94.57%±1.82%,占两种模式磷输入的93.19%±2.75%和91.81%±4.44%;(2)底泥沉积是氮、磷输出的主要方式,占IPRA和UPA氮输出的45.16%±1.31%和53.98%±1.48%,占磷输出的40.28%±3.19%和59.59%±4.45%,差异显著(P0.05),其次是养殖产出,IPRA渔获物氮输出比例37.73%±0.91%高于UPA的35.07%±0.99%,差异不显著(P0.05),磷输出比例25.50%±1.77%显著高于UPA的20.78%±1.33%(P0.05);(3)IPRA对氮的绝对和相对利用率高于UPA,但差异不显著(P0.05),而对磷的利用率显著高于UPA (P0.05), IPRA提高了养殖对象对氮、磷的吸收利用率;(4) IPRA耗水系数、排水系数及排污系数均显著低于UPA (P0.05),但IPRA养殖效益显著高于UPA (P0.05)。综上所述, IPRA是一种清洁高效的新型养殖模式,可以进行推广应用。本研究旨在为今后更好地开展IPRA水质管理和科学养殖提供数据支撑,同时为IPRA模式在节水生态、经济效益等评价方面提供理论依据。     

渤海3个河口区底栖硅藻群落的时空变化特征

底栖硅藻是河口泥滩系统中的重要初级生产者,其群落结构的时空变化可显著影响到河口底栖动物生产力。本研究选取渤海区域的大辽河口、汉沽河口和黄河口为研究对象,分析了泥滩中底栖硅藻群落结构的季节变化特征(2014−2016年)与空间差异,并探讨了环境因素的影响作用。结果表明,3个河口区底栖硅藻多样性和生物量高峰均出现在秋季,优势种存在显著季节演替特征;在空间上,大辽河口和汉沽河口的底栖硅藻生物量显著高于黄河口。底栖硅藻群落结构与多种环境因子的相关性分析表明,温度和营养盐浓度变化对底栖硅藻群落的季节性特征影响显著;河口沉积物的粒径、潮差与径流量可能是造成底栖硅藻群落空间差异的重要因素,黄河口较低的底栖硅藻生物量显著受限于较粗的沉积物粒径和显著的磷限制。     

温度、照度和接种量对钝顶螺旋藻去除酒精废水氮和磷的影响

【目的】确定钝顶螺旋藻(Spirulina platensis)最大程度去除酒精废水中氮、磷的最佳温度、照度和接种量。【方法】通过单因子实验与正交实验研究不同温度、照度和接种量对钝顶螺旋藻去除酒精废水中氮、磷的效果。【结果】单因子实验结果显示,不同温度、照度和接种量对钝顶螺旋藻去除酒精废水中的氮、磷有显著影响(P <0.05)。温度为30℃时,钝顶螺旋藻对酒精废水中总氮和总磷的去除率平均值最高,分别为38.0%和59.0%;照度为3000lx时,钝顶螺旋藻对酒精废水中总氮和总磷的去除率平均值最高,分别为40.9%和60.4%;接种量为(培养基的)50%时,钝顶螺旋藻对酒精废水中总氮的去除率平均值最高,为43.6%;接种量为30%时,钝顶螺旋藻对酒精废水中总磷的去除率平均值达到最高,为62.7%。正交实验结果显示,温度是影响钝顶螺旋藻去除酒精废水中氮、磷的最主要因素。温度30℃、照度2 500～3 000 lx、接种量20%为钝顶螺旋藻去除酒精废水氮和磷的最优组合条件。【结论】适宜的温度、照度和接种量可有效提高酒精废水中氮、磷的去除率。