Dynamics of fatty acids in newly biosynthesized phytoplankton cells and seston during a spring bloom off the west coast of Hokkaido Island, Japan

¹³C uptake experiments were carried out at a station off the west coast of Hokkaido Island, Japan, during the period between late winter and spring bloom in 1997. The composition of newly biosynthesized particulate fatty acids was determined using a ¹³C tracer and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (¹³C GC/MS), and compared with that of particulate matter (seston). Two fatty acid compositional ratios revealed that diatoms biomass (16:1(n−7)/16:0, ∑C₁₆/∑C₁₈) were strikingly high in new cells compared with seston on 17 April, coinciding with the dominance of fucoxanthin. In this study, the Polyunsaturation Index (a measure of the percentage of C₁₆ fatty acids that are polyunsaturated) in new cells is generally close to that in seston, while there was a notable discrepancy between new cells and seston in surface (10 m) waters on 17 April. This large difference between new cells and seston is ascribed to: (1) an increase of newly synthesized storage lipids (mainly 16:0 and 16:1) induced by nitrogen limitation in the top 10 m of the water column; (2) an addition of earlier synthesized phytoplankton cells (high Polyunsaturation Index at logarithmic growth stage) and non-phytoplankton components (detritus and bacteria and zooplankton) into seston. The highest Polyunsaturation Index of C₁₆ fatty acids in seston (33%) occurred at 100 m water depth. This may be caused by “settling planktonic aggregates” or “diatom resting spores”. In the present study, it is reasonable to suggest that the Polyunsaturation Index of C₁₆ fatty acids can be a useful indicator for the ecophysiological state of marine diatom populations.     

氮源和N/P对眼点拟微球藻的生长、总脂含量和脂肪酸组成的影响

报道了ＮａＮＯ３,ＮＨ４Ｃｌ和ＮＨ４ＮＯ３种氮源及Ｎ／Ｐ对海洋微藻眼点拟微球藻（Ｎａｎｎｏｃｈｌｏｒｏｐｓｉｓ ｏｃｕｌａｔａ）的生长、总脂含量和脂肪酸组成的影响。结果表明,Ｎ／Ｐ从１０增加到９０,对细胸生长的影响不大,总脂含量最终都稳定在干重的２０％左右。１６：０、１６：Ｉｎ－９和２０：５ｎ－３（ＥＰＡ）是脂肪酸的主要组成,三者之和占总脂肪酸的７０％～８０％。在培养基Ｎ／Ｐ〉２０时,２０：５０ｎ     

几种化合物改变纤维海泡石对红细胞毒性初探

纤维海泡石对红细胞有毒性。本文采用阳离子交换、Ｇａｍｂｌｅ溶液、有机酸及尼古丁处理纤维海泡石,观察处理前后红细胞的溶血率及指质过氧化的主要产物丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）的变化。结果显示：经过阳离子交换及Ｇａｍｂｌｅ溶液处理,纤维海泡石对红细胞的毒性显著降低,其机制可能是延长了界／膜形成时间,降低了脂质过氧化的强度;有毒物质,如尼古丁的参与则增强了海泡石对红细胞的毒性;有机酸处理对红细胞的毒性影响不明显。     

Abundance, Sources and Speciation of Trace Elements in Humus-Rich Streams Affected by Acid Sulphate Soils

The behaviour of trace elements (Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr,Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, V, Zn) was studied in five humus-richstreams (dissolved organic carbon = 14–40 mg/L)impacted by acid sulphate soils developed in marinesulphide-bearing fine-grained sediments. During heavyrainfalls in autumn, on which the study focusses, themetals Al, Cd, Co, Cu, Mn, Ni and Zn are extensivelyleached from these acidic soils (pH = 2.5–4.5), whileAs, Cr, Fe and V are not leached more strongly fromthis soil type than from areas of till and peat. Aspeciation experiment, based on anion and cationexchange of the stream waters in the field, showedthat (1) the metals Al, Cd, Co, Mn, Ni and Zn aretransported in the streams mainly as inorganiccations, (2) Cu exists mainly in cationic form but isalso to a significant extent associated with dissolvedhumic substances, (3) Fe occurs mainly in the anionicfraction explained by organic coating on colloidal Feoxyhydoxides and (4) the hydrochemistry of As, Cr andV is complex as these elements may exist in severalunquantified anionic fractions and to a minor extentin cationic species/forms. Whereas the proportion ofacid sulphate soils in the catchments had a largeimpact on concentrations levels of several elements inthe stream waters, these soils did not have a largeaffect on the speciation of elements in water.     

养殖大黄鱼生化组份的分析

本文测定了厦门火烧屿养殖大黄鱼成、幼鱼肌肉中蛋白质、脂类和糖类等生化组份,并计算其比能值;分析了肌肉蛋白南中１７种常见氨基酸的含量。结果表明：成鱼肌肉蛋白质占１８．９％（湿重比,下同）脂类为３．１１％,糖类为１．６２％,水份占７５．３０％,灰份为０．９５％。比能值为５．９７ＫＪ／ｇ,Ｅ／Ｐ值为３１．６２ＫＪ／ｇ。幼鱼肌肉中占７５．３０％,灰份为０．９５％。比值为５．９８ＫＪ／ｇ,Ｅ／Ｐ值为３１．６     

Effects of indole-3-acetic acid and zinc on the growth, osmotic potential and soluble carbon and nitrogen components of soybean plants growing under water deficit

Three-week old soybean (Glycine max) plants were subjected to a factorial combination of four regimes of soil matric water potential (ψ_m=−0·03, −0·5, −1·0 and −1·5 MPa), two levels of supplementary Zn (O and 20 mgl⁻¹) and two levels of foliar IAA application (O and 10 mgl⁻¹). Under control conditions (no Zn, no IAA), increasing soil drying progressively retarded shoot and root growth (length and dry mass production), reduced leaf relative water content (RWC) and decreased the contents of chlorophyll (Chl) and shoot soluble sugars (SS), but increased soluble sugar content of roots and lowered osmotic water potential of shoots and roots (osmotic adjustment). Total free amino acid (TAA) content increased in shoots but decreased in roots whereas contents of soluble proteins (SP) decreased in shoots and roots. The effect of water stress was statistically significant (p<0·05) and had a major effect (as indicated by η²values) on leaf RWC, shoot and root dry masses and osmotic potential. Supplementary Zn improved root growth at all levels of stress and shoot growth under severe stress. Improvement of growth was positively correlated with the internal tissue Zn concentrations (r=0·91 and 0·86 for shoot and 0·94 and 0·82 for root length and dry mass respectively). Exogenous IAA raised (p<0·05) RWC, Chl, DM (slightly), root SS, and SP, whereas shoot TAA was lowered. Effects on root TAA and shoot SS were more complex: they were lowered at zero stress and raised under severe stress. IAA and Zn in combination had additive effects on Chl, growth and osmotic potential, but their combined effects on SP and TAA were more complex. It is concluded that the treatment of soybean plants grown under conditions of low soil water potentials and Zn deficiency with Zn and IAA solutions counteracted the deleterious effects of stress, especially at high stress levels, and helped stressed plants to grow successfully under these adverse unfavourable conditions.     

Assessment of the conventional molybdenum-blue and magnesium-induced coprecipitation procedures in phosphorus measurement in various aquatic environments

Phosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient utilized by all organisms for energy transport and growth. Both the conventional molybdenum-blue method and the magnesium-induced coprecipitation (MAGIC) procedures were applied for the measurement of dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) and total dissolved phosphorus (TDP) in more than 840 water samples collected between 2003 and 2005, including seawater (the Huanghai Sea, the East China Sea, and the northern South China Sea), water from rivers and estuaries (the Changjiang, the Huanghe, and the major rivers emptying into the Jiaozhou Bay), groundwater (in the drainage basin surrounding the Jiaozhou Bay), rain- water, and aquaculture water samples. The MAGIC method allows the investigation of phosphorus distributions and cycling for systems in which DIP is below the detection limits of conventional methods. Comparison between the two methods demonstrated that the concentrations obtained with both methods were signiˉcantly correlated. The di?erences of DIP and TDP concentrations measured with the two methods were higher when the concentrations of DIP and TDP were lower, implying the lower reproducibility at low concentrations. The concentration di?erences increase with the increase in the proportion of DOP in TDP, which indicates that the discrepancy of DIP concentrations measured with the two methods increases when the DOP concentration is high. The discrepancies indicated that the composition of P compounds di?ers depending on sample sources and water type; it would be useful to infer the presence of di?erent phosphorus compound pools from di?erences between the two methods. This study indicates the potential presence of a pool of alkaline-labile compounds for samples from rainwater and rivers and estuaries surrounding the Jiaozhou Bay; the potential presence of acid-labile compounds that were adsorbed by Mg(OH)2 for samples from the Changjiang Estuary, Huanghai Sea, East China Sea, and groundwater; the po- tential presence of a substantial pool of acid-labile compounds that were not adsorbed by Mg(OH)2 for samples from the Huanghe Estuary, aquaculture water, the East China Sea algal bloom water, and the northern South China Sea.     

三株海洋酵母的生化营养成分分析

海洋酵母是一种重要的水产生物饵料.实验对3株海洋酵母菌德巴利酵母Debaryomyces sp.、克鲁维酵母Kluyveromyces sp. 和虫道酵母Ambrosiozyma sp.的基础营养成分进行了研究和分析.3株海洋酵母菌的粗蛋白含量分别为56.87%、46.75%、51.80%;脂肪分别为4.67%、6.35%、6.35%;碳水化合物分别为31.28%、41.55%、35.96%;灰分分别为7.18%、5.35%、6.37%.3株海洋酵母菌具有较高的蛋白含量水平以及优良的氨基酸和脂肪酸组成,表明该3株海洋酵母菌具有用作水产饵料生物的营养价值.但是,3株海洋酵母菌均缺乏多不饱和脂肪酸EPA和DHA,用其作为水产饲料源料,需要在配合饲料中添加多不饱和脂肪酸或与富含多不饱和脂肪酸的藻类一起使用.     

亚临界流体中酶催化制备富含多不饱和脂肪酸甘油酯

研究亚临界流体中酶催化制备富含多不饱和脂肪酸甘油酯.采用亚临界R134a作为固定化脂肪酶Nonozym435催化富含n-3多不饱和脂肪酸甘油酯合成的反应介质,并利用响应面法对影响甘油酯合成的工艺条件进行了优化.结果表明,反应时间、酶用量、底物摩尔比、初始水分是影响酯化率的显著因素.通过对转化率的拟合模型响应面分析,得到了优化工艺条件:在亚临界R134a体系中,体系压力4 MPa,温度40 ℃,反应时间3.59 h,酶量:底物量的3.44%,底物摩尔比质量分数为4.55∶1(甘油/游离脂肪酸),初始水分含量0.81%;在此优化工艺条件下,酯化率的预测值为78.89%,试验值为84.06%.试验值与预测值的相符性很好,RSM模型的有效性得到验证.