INTERRELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WATER QUALITY AND GROUNDWATER FLOW DYNAMICS IN A SMALL WETLAND SYSTEM ALONG A SANDY HILL RIDGE

Detailed modelling of the hydrological setting of fen meadows appears to be possible provided that detailed information on geomorphology, hydrochemistry and piezometric heads is available for a number of years. In the Laegieskamp, a small wetland reserve located in the central part of The Netherlands, a piezometric monitoring network was sampled for water quality analysis and piezometric heads between 1986 and 1992. Average yearly discharge and recharge periods were used for FLOWNET calculations. First, the models were used to determine, with the help of information on water quality, the hydrological systems in the study area. Secondly, they were used to define the present and past hydrological setting of a fen meadow in the reserve. The hydrological systems and water quality in the study area have changed considerably over the past 65 years. At present the fen meadow is mainly fed by precipitation. The mineral-rich conditions favouring the fen meadow vegetation are thought to be maintained thanks to a clayey peat layer and an oscillating shallow water body that prevents rapid leaching of minerals. The sulphate content in the fen exhibits a pattern of temporal variation, which is related to the severity of the annual drought. Our study showed that groundwater flow is mainly lateral, instead of the assumed vertical infiltration of groundwater in previous regional studies. This led us to the conclusion that conservation and restoration perspectives are much better than previously expected. The polluted middle, deep groundwater is not a major threat to this fen at the moment. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Comparison of methods for calculating annual solute exports from six forested appalachian watersheds

Six methods were compared for calculating annual stream exports of sulfate, nitrate, calcium, magnesium and aluminum from six small Appalachian watersheds. Approximately 250–400 stream samples and concurrent stream flow measurements were collected during baseflows and storm flows for the 1989 water year at five Pennsylvania watersheds and during the 1989–1992 water years at a West Virginia watershed. Continuous stream flow records were also collected at each watershed. Solute exports were calculated from the complete data set using six different scenarios ranging from instantaneous monthly measurements of stream chemistry and stream flow, to intensive monitoring of storm flow events and multiple regression equations. The results for five of the methods were compared with the regression method because statistically significant models were developed and the regression equations allowed for prediction of solute concentrations during unsampled storm flows. Results indicated that continuous stream flow measurement was critical to producing exports within 10% of regression estimates. For solutes whose concentrations were not correlated strongly with stream flow, weekly grab samples combined with continuous records of stream flow were sufficient to produce export estimates within 10% of the regression method. For solutes whose concentrations were correlated strongly with stream flow, more intensive sampling during storm flows or the use of multiple regression equations were the most appropriate methods, especially for watersheds where stream flows changed most quickly. Concentration–stream flow relationships, stream hydrological response, available resources and required level of accuracy of chemical budgets should be considered when choosing a method for calculating solute exports. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

红树林湿地系统污染生态及其净化效果的研究概况

红树林湿地系统处于淡水和海水的交互地带,具有净化水体的功能。随着大量污水、废物源源不断地排放入海,红树林湿地的水体净化功能正日益受到重视。综合国内外学者的相关研究成果,对红树林湿地系统的污染生态及其净化效果方面的研究概况进行了综述。目前,红树林湿地系统污染生态的研究主要集中在不同污染物的排放对红树林及生态环境的影响上,包括对红树植物的生长和生理生态的影响,污染物在红树植物中的累积以及污染物对红树林区沉积物、藻类、底栖动物的影响等方面上。研究结果表明,红树林对重金属、石油及污水等污染物有较强的耐性,且红树林植物和林下的土壤都有吸收多种污染物的能力,对污染物有较强的净化效果。红树林湿地系统的研究还有待于进一步深入,红树林湿地资源处于濒危状态,需加强管理和保护,所有的实验项目应在非保护区中进行。     

北京城近郊区地下水质特征与污染研究

目前,北京平原区地下水总体较好,局部地下水污染主要集中在城近郊区。通过研究表明,地下水的污染程度、范围与地下水的赋存条件、开采利用状况有密切联系。通过对历史资料的系统分析,查明其污染发展过程可划分为四个阶段:水质自然状况、水质污染缓慢发展阶段、水质污染加快阶段和趋于稳定阶段。目前北京在城近郊区地下水质逐渐趋于稳定。北京城近郊区地下水污染主要是工业、生活以及排污河渠等污染源的影响,其污染的程度．分布范围还与地区包气带岩性、结构、厚度有关,含水层的岩性及地下水流场控制着污染物的迁移。     

辽宁地区O3污染状况及相关气象要素分析

利用2015—2019年辽宁城市逐小时地面O₃浓度观测数据,结合各城市逐小时气象要素观测数据,分析了辽宁地区近5 a的O₃污染状况及影响O₃的相关气象条件。结果表明：除环辽东湾部分城市O₃浓度呈下降趋势外,辽宁地区其他城市的O₃浓度均呈明显的上升趋势,O₃正取代PM_2.5成为影响辽宁地区的首要大气污染物。O₃浓度具有夏季高、冬季低,下午高、早晨低的时间分布特征。除受污染排放源直接影响外,高温、高湿、强辐射、小风和地面低气压都有利于O₃的局地生成;在亚洲夏季风的影响下,上游地区（如京津冀地区）的污染气团会随大气环流向东北地区输送,对辽宁地区夏季O₃污染产生重要影响。     

地下水氮污染治理的探索试验

太行山前石家庄平原区地下水多存在氮污染问题,该文应用已优化制备的生物脱氮菌剂并结合工业乙醇碳源的一同使用,在由一现场渗流区概化制作的多孔介质模型--中细砂箱中,作了一定水流条件下的生物脱氮除污模拟试验探索.结果显示,以一定时段作考察,在投源点位置附近及水流下游的一定范围内,该实施方法可高效去除地下水中的氮污染.为指导野外现场地下水污染的治理,提供科学依据.     

硝酸盐水质污染与污染源类型的相关性以及氮同位素的应用分析

为了研究莱芜市各类污染源对硝酸盐数值贡献的大小,通过莱芜市地下水污染调查项目各类污染源水质监测结果,挑选出符合对应污染源类型的硝酸盐水质监测数据,进行数理统计,显示对硝酸盐影响数值贡献最大的污染源类型为畜禽养殖,其次为农业面源污染、固体废弃物、工业废水排放、生活污水、矿坑排水。为识别莱芜市地下水中硝酸盐的来源,选取莱芜市10处同位素采样点进行δ¹⁵N及δ¹⁸O测试,根据测试结果,δ¹⁵N值变化范围为(5.82～19.95)×10^-3,δ¹⁸O值变化范围为(-8.76～-5.34)×10^-3,根据采样点δ¹⁵N、δ¹⁸O值所在的值域位置及所处的水文地质条件,表明10处同位素采样点处硝酸盐来源为粪便、化肥及工业污染,部分采样点的¹⁵N及δ¹⁸O的比值大于2,基本上可证明反硝化作用的存在。     

基于面源污染约束的玉米生产效率及其时空差异

采用基于非期望产出的非径向、非角度的数据包络分析模型测算了2006~2016年中国20个省份玉米生产效率并分析了其时空变化特征和影响因素。结果表明,东北区、黄淮海区和蒙新区玉米生产效率较高,但山东和辽宁效率值低于0.90,区内省际间差异较小;长江中下游区、西南区和西北区效率较低,但安徽、重庆、山西和甘肃效率值高于0.90,区内省际间差异较大。玉米生产效率总体上呈降低趋势,两极分化呈先缩小后扩大趋势,低效率地区数量显著增加。近3 a四川和贵州用工投入可缩减比例超过15%,辽宁化肥投入可缩减比例超过10%,吉林和黑龙江资本投入可缩减比例超过5%。总氮和总磷排放强度过高是各省份玉米生产效率降低的普遍原因,湖北、广西、贵州、云南和四川总氮可缩减比例达60%以上,宁夏、陕西和湖北总磷可缩减比例达50%以上。应通过水肥管理减少农田尺度肥料损失,通过布局调整和结构优化控制区域尺度肥料流失。东北区和黄淮海区应重点控制灌溉引起的磷肥排水损失和氮肥淋溶损失,西南区和长江中下游区重点控制暴雨径流引起的氮磷流失,西北区和蒙新区重点通过节水灌溉减少肥料流失。     

基于多尺度的中国环境污染事件时空分布及其影响因素

环境污染事件已成为人类社会发展面临的严峻挑战,严重制约着人类社会的可持续发展,当前急需厘清环境污染事件的时空特征及影响因素,为制定有效的环保政策提供借鉴。利用Theil指数、变异系数、ESDA等方法,分析了2006~2016年中国环境污染事件的时空分布特征,并借助地理探测器识别了不同尺度环境污染事件的影响因素。结果表明：① 2006~2016年省级尺度环境污染事件发生总频次与不同等级环境污染事件发生频次均呈波动下降趋势,其发生频次和区域差异呈“东-中-西”洼地型格局;② 地级市尺度环境污染事件发生频次随城市规模减小有所降低,随经济发展水平降低呈倒U型,同时,环保重点城市污染事件发生频次高于普通城市的特征;而环境污染事件的差异性表现为随城市规模减小有所降低,随经济发展水平降低而递减,及环保重点城市高于普通城市的特征。③ “胡焕庸线”以东地区环境污染事件多发且类型多样,以西地区污染事件少发且类型单一,不同等级环境污染事件的空间分布差异较大;④ 环境污染事件的影响因素存在差异,且随尺度增大,影响因素与环境污染事件的关联性趋于增强。其中,经济发展和环境监管水平对不同尺度环境污染事件均有显著影响,环境监管水平与其他因素的交互作用对不同尺度环境污染事件的解释力较高。     

废轮胎多孔隙消波结构物特性之初期研究

基于废旧轮胎再利用及研发简易且低廉的施工方法与维护成本,本研究以规则波水工模型试验研究提出应用于港口码头的多孔隙弹性帷幕的初步理念。利用模型车轮胎以模块化方式组装成弹性帷幕后安装于码头前壁,研究多种周期波浪作用及不同消波室纵深对波浪反射率的影响。实验结果表明,简单的单一消波室多孔隙弹性帷幕对短周期波浪的消波效果较显著,消波室纵深较大者反射率较低,但可能引致水体振荡,后续可再强化消波室的消能效果。未来如能妥善研究废旧轮胎应用于多孔隙弹性帷幕消波结构物的施工与维修方法,除可缓解废旧轮胎处理给环境带来的压力外,也提供一种可用于简易渔港的施工简单、维修容易且资源再利用的消能结构物,该工程技术亦可输出至发展中国家,符合可持续发展观。