滇池污染特征及治理对策

滇池是昆明市的母亲湖,是昆明市的主要水源和经济命脉。近二三十年来,昆明城市规模急剧膨胀,大量污水直接排入滇池,使久负盛名的滇池富营养化。通过深入分析滇池污染的现状和形成原因,提出滇池治理是一项综合性的系统工程,需要寻求新的治理思路和措施,通过改变水流方向和出水口、设立重污染软隔离带、控制农村面源污染、调整产业结构、发展生态农业、恢复流域生态系统等生物、工程措施和经济、政策、法律措施综合协调运用,以实现滇池污染的根本性治理。     

数字水果湖水下地形和淤泥厚度测量

阐述了采用GPS接收机和双频数字测深仪 ,以伪距差分实时定位测量模式施测水果湖水下地形和淤泥厚度的全过程和若干技术问题 ,所得结果对水果湖的治理提供了可靠的资料 ,指出了武汉市湖泊治理的迫切性     

GIS空间分析的应用领域

随着地理信息系统的不断发展，对于空间数据结构的研究也日趋成熟，作为该系统的核心——空间分析也相应成为人们倍加关注的热点。本文从空间分析的定义、目的出发，进一步概括了GIS空间分析的具体应用领域，并结合参与的项目着重分析了空间分析在水污染监测中的应用情况。     

北京春季一次持续浮尘和污染天气过程分析

2001年4月底5月初北京地区出现了一次以浮尘天气为主，夹杂轻雾、雷阵雨、烟幕等复杂天气过程的持续重污染事件，给北京地区的生产和生活带来了较大的影响。文章主要从天气形势上分析了北京浮尘天气形成的原因和持续空气污染的气象条件。结果表明，此次过程是由于高空冷涡发展东移，蒙古气旋发展和地面冷锋移动经过蒙古国南部和华北北部等干燥、疏松的地表形成扬沙、沙尘暴，大量的细小沙尘粒子随高空偏西气流携带而至北京，形成浮尘天气。本地低空处于弱辐合区，层结稳定，风速小、逆温频繁，这些均不利于沙尘粒子和本地污染物的扩散，导致连续可吸入颗粒物重污染的形成。     

流域面源集成管理系统的设计与应用

利用矢量数据结构的地理信息系统(GIS)软件和模拟模型集成开发流域面源污染管理系统.以上海市苏州河流域为例,通过土地利用类型、土壤类型、子流域等图层的叠加,将流域空间分割为一系列不规则的矢量多边形,并将这些矢量多边形作为非点源模拟的空间单元;利用组件式地理信息系统平台MapX、Surfer等,设计和开发了无缝集成的苏州河面源管理信息系统的结构、功能和数据库组成,并初步建立了可运行的苏州河流域面源管理信息系统.在系统的支持下,可有效地实现流域面源污染负荷估算、面源污染指数评价、单位面源负荷的等值线绘制以及面源污染的总量控制等功能.所开发的系统,既是面源污染专业软件开发的有益尝试,同时也是流域数字化环境管理的有益探索.     

Air Pollution Studies in Central Russia (Tver and Yaroslavl Regions) Using the Moss Biomonitoring Technique and Neutron Activation Analysis

Data of 34 elements, including heavy metals, halogens, rare earth elements, U, and Th in 139 moss samples, collected in Central Russia in 2000–2002 in the Tver and Yaroslavl regions and in the northern part of the Moscow region, are presented. Factor analysis with VARIMAX rotation was applied to identify possible sources of the elements determined in the mosses. The seven resulting factors represent crust, vegetation and anthropogenic components. Some of the factors were interpreted as being associated with ferrous smelters (Fe, Zn, Sb, Ta); combination of non-ferrous smelters and other industries (Mn, Co, Mo, Cr, Ni, W); an oil-refining plant, and oil combustion at the thermal power plant (V, Ni). The geographical distribution patterns of the factor scores are also presented. Dependency equations of elemental content in mosses versus distance from the source were derived.     

有咸水区深层淡水可持续利用研究

天津市东丽区第四系Ⅱ组深层淡水在长期较强开采状态下未发生水位持续下降及大面积深层淡水成化污染,十余年来地层沉降基本消失.该地多年来中更新统淡水及上更新统、全新统咸水水位具有同步不等幅的动态,证明它们之间联系密切,地层中渗透系数小于10-3m/d的历次海侵沉积层及压实的粘土层具有半透膜特性,咸水越流补给第Ⅱ承压含水组的是淡水.适量加大Ⅱ组淡水开采强度,使其产生越流系统,稳定后不会再加大地面沉降.最终使全新统地下水下入渗水位降低,夺取潜水蒸发的水量.在有咸水分布区,地表入渗水是尚没有引起足够重视的可持续利用地下淡水的补给来源.     

Investigation of splitting gas and aqueous operators in atmospheric multiphase box models

Operator splitting techniques are widely used in atmospheric modeling in order to reduce the cost of time integration and allow more flexibility by treating each operator separately. However, this is not error free and the magnitude of the error depends on whether the splitted operators commute or not and the magnitude of the splitting time step. In multiphase models, the gas and the aqueous phase chemistries are related through the gas-droplet mass transfer processes. In the present paper, we show that splitting the gas chemistry operator from the aqueous chemistry and mass transfer operator is not appropriate and leads to errors beyond the tolerated thresholds. Analytical expressions for the splitting errors are derived and numerical experiments are conducted. The LAMP chemical mechanism is employed. Time integration is performed with LSODE.     

地浸采铀矿山地下水污染碱性中和清洗法治理研究

地浸采矿方法可引起地下水环境的严重污染，文章对地下水污染过程及治理机理进行了阐明，针对地浸铀矿山的污染特点，提出了碱性中和清洗治理方法的设想，并对碱性中和清洗法治理地浸铀矿山的地下水环境污染的方法及治理效果进行了实验研究，采用水文地球化学模式PHREEQC1．6来模拟计算中和清洗液的最佳pH值，提出了对现场清洗治理具有重要意义的一个重要指标——清洗比，实验结果表明，碱性中和清洗法对治理地浸矿山的地下水污染治理效果明显．为我国地浸矿山地下水污染治理工作的开展进行了探索性研究。     

Water quality in rural areas of the Czech Republic: Key study Slapanka River catchment

The article evaluates the water quality in rural areas in the Czech part of Labe River catchment using the example of Slapanka River catchment. This river drains a typical landscape of Ceskomoravska Highland. Water quality in rural areas is still very low and the attention is paid to organic substances and nutrients. Increased amount of them in streams is caused mainly by agriculture and production of municipal wastewater resulting in increased eutrophication. A significant part of the article consists in the evaluation of point and non-point sources of water pollution. Identifying the type of the pollution source is helped by regression analysis using data from the public monitoring network. Eleven sampling sites were selected for evaluating the water quality. Physical and chemical analyses were made 12 times during the field monitoring in the years 2001–2003.In long-term development water quality has improved in all monitored parameters during the last 15 years. Least significant improvement has been found with the concentration of nitrate nitrogen. The water quality within the whole catchment area still remains low.To reduce the influence of pollution sources, we recommend the sanitation of diffuse sources of pollution from small settlements with less than 2000 inhabitants, and a successive change from agricultural management and intensive mass production to extensive ways, especially in mountain and sub-mountain areas.