渤海天津近岸海域水污染特征分析

渤海是一个半封闭的陆架边缘海,是受沿岸人为活动影响最为明显的海域之一[1].陆源污染物的大量排放导致渤海湾局部海域“赤潮”频繁发生,范围不断扩大,自1996年以来共发生了13次“赤潮”,多数发生在7~8月间[2],海域水体富营养化是本海区的主要环境问题[3].     

表面活性剂在生物修复海洋油污染中的应用及发展

生物修复法是治理海洋油污染的主要途径。它通常采用投加表面活性剂,投加外源微生物以及投加氮磷营养源三种方式,其中投加表面活性剂在应用中存在较大分歧。本文从结构及其作用机理的角度重点探讨了表面活性剂尤其是生物表面活性剂在生物修复海洋油污染中的应用,指出生物表面活性剂的应用是未来主要发展方向,提出其应用方面存在的问题。     

发生在东海近海与Elnino现象有关海洋污染若干典型个例

探讨Ｅｌｎｉｎｏ不同类型赤潮成因和对湄洲湾油污现象进行一些讨论 。     

福建省近岸港湾沉积物质量状况

福建省是我国东南沿海省份,地处台湾海峡西岸.位于23°37'～27°10'N,117°11'～120°26'E之间.海域面积为13.6×104km2.其陆岸线总长为3324km.呈东北至西南走向,海岸线曲折多弯,形成了许多天然良港.其港湾沿岸均是福建沿海地区社会经济水平较高地区,是海洋资源开发的龙头产业所在地.近年来,随着改革开放,福建省经济突飞猛进,港口建设、海水养殖等经济迅速发展,港湾的沉积物污染状况日趋变得突出.     

Simultaneous Measurement of Hydrogen Peroxide and Fe Species (Fe(II) and Fe<Subscript>(tot)</Subscript>) in Okinawa Island Seawater: Impacts of Red Soil Pollution

The northern part of Okinawa Island suffers from red soil pollution—runoff of red soil into coastal seawater—which damages coastal ecosystems and scenery. To elucidate the impacts of red soil pollution on the oxidizing power of seawater, hydrogen peroxide (HOOH) and iron species including Fe(II) and total iron (Fe_(tot), defined as the sum of Fe(II) and Fe(III)) were measured simultaneously in seawater from Taira Bay (red-soil-polluted sea) and Sesoko Island (unpolluted sea), off the northern part of Okinawa Island, Japan. We performed simultaneous measurements of HOOH and Fe(II) because the reaction between HOOH and Fe(II) forms hydroxyl radical (•OH), the most potent environmental oxidant. Gas-phase HOOH concentrations were also measured to better understand the sources of HOOH in seawater. Both HOOH and Fe(II) in seawater showed a clear diurnal variation, i.e. higher in the daytime and lower at night, while Fe_(tot) concentrations were relatively constant throughout the sampling period. Fe(II) and Fe_(tot) concentrations were approximately 58% and 19% higher in red-soil-polluted seawater than in unpolluted seawater. Gas-phase HOOH and seawater HOOH concentrations were comparable at both sampling sites, ranging from 1.4 to 5.4 ppbv in air and 30 to 160 nM in seawater. Since Fe(II) concentrations were higher in red-soil-polluted seawater while concentrations of HOOH were similar, •OH would form faster in red-soil-polluted seawater than in unpolluted seawater. Since the major scavenger of •OH, Br⁻, is expected to have similar concentrations at both sites, red-soil-polluted seawater is expected to have higher steady-state •OH concentrations.     

Nutrient contributions to the Santa Barbara Channel, California, from the ephemeral Santa Clara River

The Santa Clara River delivers nutrient rich runoff to the eastern Santa Barbara Channel during brief (1–3 day) episodic events. Using both river and oceanographic measurements, we evaluate river loading and dispersal of dissolved macronutrients (silicate, inorganic N and P) and comment on the biological implications of these nutrient contributions. Both river and ocean observations suggest that river nutrient concentrations are inversely related to river flow rates. Land use is suggested to influence these concentrations, since runoff from a subwatershed with substantial agriculture and urban areas had much higher nitrate than runoff from a wooded subwatershed. During runoff events, river nutrients were observed to conservatively mix into the buoyant, surface plume immediately seaward of the Santa Clara River mouth. Dispersal of these river nutrients extended 10s of km into the channel. Growth of phytoplankton and nutrient uptake was low during our observations (1–3 days following runoff), presumably due to the very low light levels resulting from high turbidity. However, nutrient quality of runoff (Si:N:P = 16:5:1) was found to be significantly different than upwelling inputs (13:10:1), which may influence different algal responses once sediments settle. Evaluation of total river nitrate loads suggests that most of the annual river nutrient fluxes to the ocean occur during the brief winter flooding events. Wet winters (such as El Niño) contribute nutrients at rates approximately an order-of-magnitude greater than “average” winters. Although total river nitrate delivery is considerably less than that supplied by upwelling, the timing and location of these types of events are very different, with river discharge (upwelling) occurring predominantly in the winter (summer) and in the eastern (western) channel.     

Possible effects of climate change on estuarine nutrient fluxes: a case study in the highly nutrified Schelde estuary (Belgium, The Netherlands)

Global change models predict effects of climate change on hydrological regimes at the continental scale in Europe. The aim of this study was to gain a better understanding of the possible effect of changing external forcing conditions on the functioning of estuarine ecosystems. In densely populated areas, anthropogenic nutrient enrichment and consequent alteration of nutrient biogeochemical cycles have already had a big impact on these ecosystems. The average yearly discharge of the upper Schelde estuary increased nearly threefold over the period 1996–2000, from 28 m³ s⁻¹ in 1996 to 73 m³ s⁻¹ in 2000. The continuously rising discharge conditions over the five-year period were used as a reference situation for possible future effects of climate on ecological functioning through increase of discharge. At high discharges, nutrient (NH₄⁺, NO₃⁻, dissolved silica and PO₄³⁻) concentrations in the tidal fresh- and brackish water showed a decrease of up to 50% while total discharged nutrient loadings increased up to 100%. Opposite effects of increasing discharge on NH₄⁺, NO₃⁻ and dissolved silica concentrations in summer and winter, resulted in the flattening out of seasonal cycles for these nutrients. Under high discharge conditions, silica uptake by diatom communities was lowered. Dissolved silica loadings to the coastal area increased concurrently with total silica loadings upstream. Salt intrusion to the marine parts of the estuary decreased. This resulted in a downstream shift of the salinity gradient, with lower salinity observed near the mouth. As a result, TDIN, NO₃⁻ and dissolved silica concentrations doubled at the mouth of the estuary.     

SZ36-1油田海域水质和沉积物的现状及评价

本文分析了SZ36-1油田附近海域的水质和底质调查资料,描述并评价了13个水质要素和7个沉积物要素的分布规律。本海域各要素的含量分布比较均匀;重金属的含量比较低,石油是本海域海水中主要超标物质。按一类海水标准衡量,本海域东半部水质属轻污染,其余属“尚清洁水平”。     

江苏王港潮滩重金属Pb、Zn和Cu的累积规律

对15年来江苏王港潮滩重金属Pb、Zn和Cu积累规律研究表明,王港潮滩WG05点位现代平均沉积速率为4.13 cm/a。王港潮间带重金属垂直方向的含量具有趋同性,从表层向下逐步降低,具有明显的表聚和亚表聚特征,王港潮滩Fe与Li的相关系数非常显著,超过了0.90,这些潮滩重金属来自岩石风化的可能性较大;Pb、Cu、Al则与铁元素呈负相关,表明王港潮滩沉积物中的重金属Pb、Cu的含量受人为因素的影响较大。归一化后,Cu、Zn的归一化值在15年内相当稳定,其中Cu的波动范围在0.4~2之间,Zn在1.5~2.6之间狭小的范围内波动;这说明王港潮滩的Cu、Zn积累主要来自于地壳风化,受物源和沉积环境等自然因素控制较大,受人类活动影响较小。而Pb归一化以后在4个柱状样中都表现出随时间的变化发生了较大的波动。Pb、Cu为该区域的主要污染因子。