无人机摄影测量在水体污染评估中的应用

无人机摄影测量是一种快捷、准确的测量技术,在测绘与空间信息行业得到越来越广泛的应用。本文针对水库库区的水体污染现状,探讨利用小型无人机进行摄影测量,并采用多视图几何理论与光束平差方法,以及空三解算模型进行影像处理,从而测量评估水体中的特定污染物分布情况,并以广东省梅州市青溪库区水浮莲污染调查为例进行污染分布的研究,为水库治理提供依据。     

生计多样化背景下种植业非点源污染负荷演变

依托三峡库区典型村农户访谈数据,基于收益最大目标决策框架,设定农村转型发展中3种农户生计类型情景：农业主导生计、兼业转向生计和非农主导生计,解析种植业产污负荷随主导生计非农转向的演变特征,探讨主导生计类型转向的动力机制。结果表明：① 样区耕地经营现状呈自耕、流转与撂荒并存的多元化发展格局,且表现出“入”小于“出”的特征,不同农户家庭类型间实际人均耕种规模为“半劳动力家庭”>“无劳动力家庭”>“劳动力家庭”;② 种植业单位面积产污负荷中,“半劳动力家庭”最高,“劳动力家庭”次之,“无劳动力家庭”最低,“劳动力家庭”内部又随劳动力人数增加呈先增再减趋势;③ 样区农户生计类型由农业主导向非农主导转型过程中,种植业产污负荷最大减幅达72.01%,兼业转向生计情景下削减幅度为19.61%~29.85%,非农主导生计情景下减幅为35.20%~72.01%,但TN、TP的减量特征并不一致;④ 劳动力配置与生计来源“非农化”促使农户主导生计类型向非农转化,生计非农演变的潜在农户收入/福祉权衡亦驱使生计决策转向非农化,不同农户家庭类型对生计转向的敏感程度表现为“劳动力家庭”>“半劳动力家庭”>“无劳动力家庭”;⑤ 在新型城镇化快速推进和创新新型工业体系构建过程中,山区农户生计类型进一步向非农转变,而这一过程又将促使种植业产生的污染负荷量进一步减少,要大幅削减种植业产污负荷,就必须制定有助于山区农户生计非农化的调控对策。     

长江经济带经济-环境协调发展格局及演变

通过经济与环境系统的协调发展度评估,分析了长江经济带经济环境协调发展的时空演变格局,并对经济带经济发展、环境污染与环境质量的格局与态势展开探讨。研究表明：经济带协调发展度空间差异显著,东部地区明显大于中西部地区,沿江地区高于非沿江地区。高度协调型主要分布在长三角地区及少数中西部省会城市;高度失调型主要分布在重庆、皖北、滇西南、鄂中等地区;江西与四川是协调型转为失调型的集中地区。长三角核心城市经济地位依然凸显,但长三角边缘地区城市经济位序呈下降趋势,中西部地区部分城市经济位序上升明显。工业废水排放以重庆、苏州、杭州为最多,工业SO₂排放呈现3大集中地带。城市空气质量较差的是长三角边缘地区以及中西部沿江地区,城市空气质量总体上与工业SO₂排放、工业烟尘排放在空间格局上较为吻合。长江干流断面水质上游（川滇渝）与下游（苏沪）较差,一定程度上反映了沿江地区工业废水排放对长江水质的影响。最后,从树立发展与保护双重使命,创新经济带开发体制机制;推进下游城市经济转型升级,培育中上游新的经济增长极;落实最严格的管理制度,共建生态文明示范带等方面提出发展建议。     

Groundwater vulnerability assessment based on modified DRASTIC model: a case study in Changli County,China

Groundwater vulnerability assessment has been regarded as the initial step to understand and evaluate the susceptibility of the subsurface to contamination. As one of the most widely used models, the DRASTIC has been applied worldwide. However, problems associated with the model, such as the subjectivity in rating and weighting schemes, have led to modified versions of this model for better representing the vulnerability of the aquifer. In this study, a modified DRASTIC model was formulated by adjusting the rating and weighting scores based on Wilcoxon rank-sum test and Analytic Hierarchy Process. The modified model was then applied to the evaluation of groundwater vulnerability in Changli County, China in a GIS environment. The validity of the model was verified by analysing the correlation coefficient between the vulnerability index and the nitrate concentration. The results revealed that the modified DRASTIC model presents stronger correlation with the nitrate contamination than the traditional DRASTIC model.     

基于社交媒体的城市污染信息探测

了解城市污染状况是治理城市污染的首要环节。社交媒体中包含了能够反映人们对周围环境的感受的数据资料,可以帮助人们更直观地了解城市污染现状。本文以新浪微博为例,提出了从社交媒体中获取城市污染相关数据的方案,设计了基于社交媒体的城市污染信息分类法和可视化方法,在实验部分以北京市为例对本方法的结果进行了分析与讨论。     

水合铁离子及铁络合物吸收系数光谱(400-900 nm)测量

测量铁化合物溶解物的吸收光谱曲线是水中铁离子含量遥感反演的关键。采用自主设计的水体透射光测量装置,利用ASD光谱仪测量相同厚度不同浓度铁离子溶液的透射光辐亮度,然后运用比值法计算出水中3种铁化合物(硫酸铁、氯化铁和铁氰化钾)的消光系数和吸收系数,最终得到400—900 nm波长范围内3种铁离子吸收系数光谱。该方法可以较好地消除实验装置和水中悬浮物的影响。结果表明,水中3种铁离子均在紫蓝光波段吸收作用较大,绿光次之,逐渐减少至红光波段后,吸收系数变化很小呈平缓直线。测量结果可作为水体铁离子浓度遥感反演模型所需的基础参数。     

浅海原油净化过程的模拟实验──分散油的挥发降解过程

于1989年3－7月在青岛海洋大学进行“河口”原油和“东营”原油实验室模拟实验，以了解海上溢油进入海水中的分散（溶解和乳化）油的挥发降解过程。结果表明，分散油的蒸发速率除与原油本身性质有关外，还与环境温度、水体盐度和水面风速有关。水体中油含量随时间变化可表示为：，温度、盐度和风速增大时，均有助于分散油的挥发，其中风速变化对Kv的影响最大，而盐度变化的影响最小。     

胶州湾娄山河口海域制碱白泥治理方法初探

文章从如何解决制碱废泥—白泥的治理角度出发,分析了胶州湾娄山河口海域制碱白泥的性状及分布现状,对比国内外制碱企业对于白泥的处置方法,针对淤积多年的白泥浅滩提出三种污染治理方案,并探讨了各种方案的实施对附近海域环境的影响。研究成果可为青岛市污染治理、环境规划与管理、海洋环境保护提供科学依据。     

Investigation of strategies to improve the recycling effectiveness of waste oil from fishing vessels

The marine ecological environment and fishery resources can be severely polluted or destroyed by waste oil from fishing vessels if they are emitted directly into the ocean without any proper pre-treatment process. International conventions such as MARPOL 73/78 regulate waste-oil emissions and require the installation of a waste oil–water separator only for ocean-going ships of over 400 gross tons. Hence, these international conventions are not applicable to most fishing ships due to their low gross tonnages. In addition, space on most fishing vessels is too limited to allow waste-oil storage tanks or a waste oil-water separator to comply with international maritime regulations. Because a significant amount of waste oil is produced by fishing vessels around the world every day, effective strategies or measures are needed to prevent this waste oil from polluting the marine environment. This study thus investigates strategies and measures for improving the effectiveness of waste-oil collection from fishing vessels. This study found that existing procedures for the collection and treatment of waste lubricating oil on land could be applied to the management of waste oil and bilge water from fishing vessels. Sufficient oil–water separators and storage facilities for the collection of waste oil should be placed at each fishing port and shipyard. Fishermen should then be required to deliver their waste oil to these storage facilities, from where it can be transported to legal recycling companies for further treatment. In addition, fishing harbor authorities should bear definitive responsibility for monitoring the illegal dumping of waste oil and for checking the waste-oil record books of fishing vessels. Each maritime country should enforce relevant laws and regulations to reduce the emission of waste oil from fishing vessels into the ocean.     

A Qualitative and Quantitative Study of the Marine Algae in the Saronikos Gulf (Greece)

Abstract. One hundred ninety-seven macroalgal taxa, belonging to four classes, were identified at seven characteristic stations of the Saronikos Gulf.
Species diversity was higher in cleaner waters. From the outer to the inner section, the number of species and the coverage increased in Bryopsidophyceae and decreased in Phaeophyceae and Rhodophyceae.