Trace elements in the shallow ground water of The Netherlands. A geochemical and statistical interpretation of the national monitoring network data

Concentration levels of the trace elements Al, As, B, Ba, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Li, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sr, V, Y, and Zn in the shallow Dutch ground water were studied. Data were extracted from the data base of the Dutch National Ground Water Quality Monitoring Network, a network set up to monitor the diffuse contamination. The network contains over 350 sites at a low density of about 1 per 100 km². The sites are sampled once a year at two depths (approx. 10 and 25 m below surface). A two-step multivariate statistical approach was used, in which the major element chemistry was used to define water types. Within each water type, trace element behavior could be coupled to distinct geochemical processes: dilution, acidification and weathering, carbonate dissolution, oxidation/reduction, and ion exchange. In recently infiltrated acid rain water in low buffering capacity sands, the anthropogenic influence indirectly caused mobilization of Al (median 430 g/l), Cd (0.6 g/l), Co (14 g/l), Cu (2.7 g/l), Ni (16 g/l), Y (11 g/l), and Zn (50 mg/l). In carbonate bearing sediments the acidification is neutralized, and the mentioned trace elements remain immobile. Arsenic and Cr have higher concentrations levels in ground waters with a slightly reducing character and are possibly governed by the dissolution of iron-manganese hydroxides. Boron, Li, and Sr have high concentrations (respectively 875, 80, 2700 g/l) in the water type related to a seawater source. Strontium is related to carbonate dissolution in all other water types (medians ranging from 100 to 1000 g/l). Barium shows a complex behaviour. It is concluded that the high Al, Cd, Co, Cr, Ni, and Zn concentrations are anthropogenically induced. High Ba and Cr concentrations are inferred to be due to natural processes.     

济南地区岩溶地下水污染程度评价

岩溶水环境背景值(污染起始值)是确定岩溶水污染程度的主要参数。通过2013年济南地区岩溶地下水水质资料与济南地区岩溶水环境地质背景值对比分析及综合评价,反映了济南地区岩溶地下水水质污染变化情况。该文地下水污染综合评价是根据以往不同年份的水质资料进行对比评价的,评价结果存在一定的局限性和不全面性,但基本能够反映济南地区岩溶地下水污染程度的总体情况。     

Historical variations in the stable isotope composition of mercury in a sediment core from a riverine lake: Effects of dams,pulp and paper mill wastes,and mercury from a chlor-alkali plant

The Wabigoon River (Ontario, Canada) was affected by dams starting in 1898 and was polluted with pulp and paper mill wastes starting in 1913 and mercury from a chlor-alkali plant from 1962 to 1975. A dated sediment core from a riverine lake was analysed to investigate resultant changes in the biogeochemistry of mercury as revealed by variations in mercury isotope ratios and sediment chemistry. A total mercury maximum formed by the mercury pollution coincided with minimums in the δ-values of the ¹⁹⁸Hg/²⁰²Hg, ¹⁹⁹Hg/²⁰²Hg, ²⁰⁰Hg/²⁰²Hg, and ²⁰¹Hg/²⁰²Hg ratios, and the δ-values decreased in the order δ²⁰¹Hg > δ²⁰⁰Hg > δ¹⁹⁹Hg > δ¹⁹⁸Hg. Thus, mass-dependent fractionation caused depletion in lighter isotopes, implying evaporation of Hg(0) and pollution of the atmosphere as well as the river-lake system. Concurrently, mass-independent fractionation caused ¹⁹⁹Hg enrichment, possibly reflecting an independently documented upsurge in methylmercury production, and ²⁰¹Hg depletion, suggesting removal of methylmercury with anomalously high ²⁰¹Hg/¹⁹⁹Hg ratios by aquatic organisms and accumulation of ²⁰¹Hg-depleted inorganic Hg(II) in sediments. The δ²⁰¹Hg/δ¹⁹⁹Hg ratio rose abruptly when mercury pollution began, reflecting the resultant increase in methylmercury production, and remained high but gradually declined as the pollution abated, paralleling trends shown by methylmercury in aquatic organisms. The δ²⁰¹Hg/δ¹⁹⁹Hg ratio of pre-1962 background mercury increased ca. 1898 and ca. 1913–1929, suggesting accelerated methylmercury production due to stimulation of microbial activities by the damming of the river and the input of pulp and paper mill wastes, respectively. Other variations were linked to economic and technological factors that affected pulp and paper manufacture.     

台州低空逆温层特征分析

利用浙江省洪家气象站L波段雷达逐日探空资料,统计分析了2007—2011年台州接地逆温和悬浮逆温的出现频率、逆温厚度、逆温强度特征,以及与风向风速的关系。结果表明:台州四季均存在低空逆温层,低空逆温出现频率年变化趋势呈单谷型特征,冬春季节逆温出现频率较高。秋冬季节低空逆温厚度增大,春季厚度变薄,夏季最薄;各时次的悬浮逆温厚度大于接地逆温厚度。07:00接地逆温月变化和季节变化强度都弱于19:00接地逆温的;07:00接地逆温,冬季强度最大(1.4℃/100m);19:00接地逆温在秋冬季节强度(2.2和2.0℃/100m)显著大于春夏季节强度(1.3和1.5℃/100m)。两个时次悬浮逆温强度月变化(0.8~1.2℃/100m)和季节变化(0.9~1.1℃/100m)较小,平均底高和顶高的最低值都在7月份,19:00悬浮逆温平均底高、平均顶高普遍大于07:00悬浮逆温观测值。出现接地逆温层时,低空风速一般≤2 m/s,层底风向集中在W到NW之间和静风,天空多为无云或少云;出现悬浮逆温层时,风速小于6 m/s的比例超过50%,层底风向集中在NW到ENE之间和SSW到SW之间,总云量不小于6的比例达70%以上。四季均有霾出现,霾日出现频率年变化趋势与逆温出现频率都是呈单谷型特征。霾污染权重系数季节变化与两个时次的逆温厚度和07:00逆温强度的变化趋势基本一致:冬春季节的大于夏秋季节的;冬春季节霾的污染程度较为严重,污染权重系数分别为49.0和38.1。     

Assessing environmental justice through potential exposure to air pollution: A socio-spatial analysis in Madrid and Barcelona,Spain

The concept of environmental justice (EJ) has recently gained currency, both as a factor for and a goal of sustainable development. Its implementation in practice implies establishing current environmental injustice patterns and analysing planning policies, with the aim to reduce socio-demographic inequalities in the negative environmental impact borne by different population groups. This paper proposes a method to assess differential exposure to excessive pollution levels by socio-demographic groups in intra-urban spaces.The approach developed in this paper is based upon GIS and quantitative spatial analysis techniques. It incorporates the idea of an ‘environmental justice weighting scale’ for policy-making, using normative pollution thresholds to measure inequalities more objectively and consistently. Spain’s two largest cities, Madrid and Barcelona, have been chosen as case-studies, taking nitrogen dioxide as the pollutant, and the geographic distribution of six vulnerable population groups (children, elderly people and international immigrants) in the year 2010. The results reveal that a large part of these groups suffer exposure to air pollution exceeding the maximum permitted levels disproportionately, which would imply a case of environmental injustice.     

基于模糊综合评判的海洋溢油污染评估模型研究

在分析总结相关研究成果的基础上,利用模糊综合评估方法,对溢油污染程度相关影响因素进行深入分析研究,对溢油污染程度评估指标体系进行改进和完善,提出溢油量和离岸距离两个影响因子新的隶属度函数,构建新的海域敏感区隶属度子集表并计算各指标的权重。最后,应用此模型对2002年渤海绥中36-1油田中心平台溢油事故进行评估,结果显示污染程度评估等级有明显提高,以期为海洋溢油污染评估提供科学依据,并通过提高污染评估等级引起人们对海洋环境的重视。     

柔性垂直阻隔技术在危废污染应急治理项目中的应用

通过江苏省靖江市一危废污染应急治理项目,对比刚性垂直阻隔,采用柔性垂直阻隔可更好地阻断场地内填埋污染物与周边土壤及地下水的水力联系。柔性垂直阻隔具有防渗性能好、抗变形能力强、使用寿命长等特点,并重点阐述了其技术原理、施工工艺及施工要点,可为后续类似工程提供参考。     

河北中南部连续12 d重霾污染天气过程特征及影响因素分析

2013年12月14—25日,河北中南部地区发生了一次长达12 d的重霾污染天气过程。本文通过对同期气象条件、流场、污染物特征进行分析,探讨了这次过程的成因。此次污染过程与霾密切相关,具有持续时间长、范围广及强度大的特点;在静稳的大尺度气象条件和近地面大气层结下,污染物沿近地面风场的弱辐合区迅速积累,是重覆污染天气形成的关键;此次重霾污染天气过程中有两次弱冷空气活动,两次冷空气影响层次有所不同但影响时间均较短,不能彻底改变静稳大气层结,对污染物的扩散能力有限,重霾污染天气得以长时间持续。     

2015年11月大气环流和天气分析

2015年11月环流特征如下：北半球极涡呈单极型分布,中高纬西风呈3波型分布,南支槽平均位置大致位于90°E附近,同时,西太平洋副热带高压较常年同期偏西、强度偏强。11月全国平均降水量39.4 mm,较常年同期偏多1.1倍;全国平均气温为4.1℃,较常年同期偏高1.2℃,但华北、东北等地气温偏低。月内共出现2次冷空气过程和4次主要降水过程,江南、华南等地部分地区雨量偏多2~3倍,多站出现极端日降水量;月内还有3次重污染天气过程。     

THE RADIATIVE EFFECTS OF ANTHROPOGENIC AEROSOLS OVER CHINA AND THEIR SENSITIVITY TO SOURCE EMISSION

In this paper,the RIEMS 2.0 model,source emission in 2006 and 2010 are used to simulate the distributions and radiative effects of different anthropogenic aerosols over China.The comparison between the results forced by source emissions in 2006 and 2010 also reveals the sensitivity of the radiative effects to source emission.The results are shown as follows:(1) Compared with those in 2006,the annual average surface concentration of sulfate in 2010 decreased over central and eastern China with a range of-5 to 0 μg/m~3;the decrease of annual average aerosol optical depth of sulfate over East China varied from 0.04 to 0.08;the annual average surface concentrations of BC,OC and nitrate increased over central and eastern China with maximums of 10.90,11.52 and 12.50μg/m~3,respectively;the annual aerosol optical depths of BC,OC and nitrate increased over some areas of East China with extremes of 0.006,0.007 and 0.008,respectively.(2)For the regional average results in 2010,the radiative forcings of sulfate,BC,OC,nitrate and their total net radiative forcing at the top of the atmosphere over central and eastern China were-0.64,0.29,-0.41,-0.33 and-1.1 W/m~2,respectively.Compared with those in 2006,the radiative forcings of BC and OC in 2010 were both enhanced,while that of sulfate and the net radiative forcing were both weakened over East China mostly.(3)The reduction of the cooling effect of sulfate in 2010 produced a warmer surface air temperature over central and eastern China;the maximum value was 0.25 K.The cooling effect of nitrate was also slightly weakened.The warming effect of BC was enhanced over most of the areas in China,while the cooling effect of OC was enhanced over the similar area,particularly the area between Yangtze and Huanghe Rivers.The net radiative effect of the four anthropogenic aerosols generated the annual average reduction and the maximum reduction were-0.096 and-0.285 K,respectively,for the surface temperature in 2006,while in 2010 they were-0.063 and-0.256 K,respectively.In summary,the change in source emission lowered the cooling effect of anthropogenic aerosols,mainly because of the enhanced warming effect of BC and weakened cooling effect of scattering aerosols.