Gas chromatographic determination of peroxyacetyl nitrate: Two convenient calibration techniques

Two procedures for the calibration of an electron capture detector (ECD) for peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) are discussed. One is based on the first-order decay rate of the the PAN mixing ratio in conditioned glass storage vessels. The other method makes use of the photochemical generation of PAN in mixtures of acetone and NO₂ in air. For this purpose a Penray Hg lamp was inserted into a glass vessel filled with 1 atmosphere of air containing 10 ppm NO₂ and 1% acetone. After 3 min of irradiation, the average PAN mixing ratio formed was 8.87±0.25 ppmv as determined in six separate runs.     

包气带土体生物地球化学特征与氮转化研究—以河北平原正定试验场剖面为例

为研究氮素的生物地球化学循环问题,通过对河北平原典型试验场贯穿包气带18．5m钻孔剖面土样的物理性质,地球化学指标,有机质含量的测试和微生物的培养鉴定,发现土体的氮素,可溶盐含量（TDS）,Cl^-含量以及微生物细菌的变化随深度不呈简单的线性分布。经分析认为,剖面中的粘性土层是生物的活性层,在氮素转化过程中起主导作用;剖面中多种指标的变化与地质结构呈良好 对应关系,反映环境演化的过程,同时表明,包气带存在着更多尚待提取的全球变化对比研究信息。     

苏北潮滩湿地不同生态带碳、氮、磷分布特征*

通过对比苏北潮滩湿地不同生态带的表层以及柱状沉积物中总有机碳、总氮、总磷和有机磷含量,并结合不同植被不同植株部位中碳、氮、磷的含量变化,分析了潮滩沉积物中碳、氮、磷的垂向和水平分布特征与规律,探讨了不同生态带以及潮滩植被对碳、氮、磷等生源要素的富集作用。对比分析结果表明:苏北潮滩湿地各生态带对不同的测量指标有着不同的富集作用,互花米草滩的总有机碳、总氮和有机磷含量要远大于其他几个生态带,光滩沉积物中总磷的含量最高; 粒度效应是控制互花米草前缘地带以及互花米草滩沉积物中有机碳和氮分布的一个重要因素,盐蒿和芦苇滩中有机碳和氮的分布更多的是受粒度之外的其他因素影响; 不同生态带表层沉积物中的C/N比值分布,大致可反映其有机物来源的差异,而不同生态带中柱状沉积物中的C/N比值相对接近,很难根据C/N比值大小来对不同生态带中的有机物来源进行判断,这可能是埋藏在柱状沉积物中的有机物更多的受到了早期成岩作用造成的。植被对潮滩湿地中碳、氮、磷的分布有着重要影响,3种物质在互花米草、盐蒿和芦苇中的含量差别不是很大,因此潮滩植被对沉积物中上述3种物质的贡献差别主要是由不同植被的生物量和其所处环境的沉积动力差异造成的。     

水溶性污染物在土壤中转化的原位实验方法

建立了一种研究水溶性污染物在土壤中运转化的原位实验方法，该方法已成功地应用于研究黄土中氨氮的运移转化规律，克服了土柱实验存在的破坏土壤结构及氧化还原电位发生变化等所引起的实验误差。     

Hg~(2+)对水鳖(Hydrocharis dubia)叶片生理生化及超微结构的毒害效应

研究了不同浓度Hg2 +对水鳖叶片光合放氧速率、呼吸速率、细胞膜透性、硝酸还原酶活性以及超微结构的毒害影响 .结果表明 ,随着Hg2 +浓度的增加 ,水鳖叶片的光合放氧速率逐渐下降 ,呼吸速率、硝酸还原酶活性先升后降 ,而细胞膜透性则逐渐上升 .电镜观察发现 ,水鳖叶细胞遭受Hg2 +毒害初期 ,染色质凝集 ,叶绿体中类囊体片层以及线粒体嵴突膨胀 .随着叶细胞遭受毒害程度的加深 ,核膜破裂 ,染色质与核质消失 ,叶绿体膨胀解体 ,线粒体空泡化     

温度对复分解法制硝酸钾生产过程的影响

探讨以硝酸铵和氯化钾为原料、复分解法制硝酸钾工艺中 ,配料、硝酸钾结晶、氯化铵结晶等处操作温度对产量、质量、操作时间等的影响     

临南地区石油运移方向与成藏期次研究

根据原油及油砂抽提物中含氮化合物分析、原油生物标志成熟度参数及储层流体包裹体烃类成分分析,研究了临南地区石油运移的方向、距离、成藏期次。结果表明临南油田仅有一期油气运聚成藏过程,属中新世末形成的成熟原油,4 甲基甾烷含量较高。曲堤油田存在两期油气运聚成藏过程,早期原油成熟度低,4 甲基甾烷含量低,运移距离较远,成藏后大部分散失 ;晚期充注的原油成熟度较高,4 甲基甾烷含量也较高,并保存至今。     

Element budgets of pine stands on lignite and pyrite containing mine soils

To analyze the development of pine ecosystems on lignite and pyrite containing mine soils, four pine stands with ages of 3–35 years were investigated in a chronosequence approach. Bulk precipitation, throughfall and soil solution in depths of 20, 40, 70 and 100 cm were studied over a three-year period to determine element fluxes in these forest ecosystems on extreme acidic and saline soils.Element budgets are controlled by the processes induced by pyrite oxidation such as intensive weathering of primary minerals, precipitation and leaching of secondary phases.Despite low water fluxes, element outputs can reach extraordinary high values due to very high concentrations in the soil solution. Although element outputs decrease drastically with stand age, respectively, site age, they exceed those of comparable pine stands on non-mine sites. Nitrogen release from the lignite fraction represents a special characteristic of the examined substrates. Nitrogen losses beneath the rooted zone can be 34 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ in 100 cm depth. Element input and output in the examined ecosystems are far from balance. Closed cycling of nutrients seems to be recognizable in the case of potassium.     

Processing of oxidised nitrogen compounds by passage through winter-time orographic cloud

Four case studies are described, from a three-site field experiment in October/November 1991 using the Great Dun Fell flow-through reactor hill cap cloud in rural Northern England. Measurements of total odd-nitrogen nitrogen oxides (NO _y ) made on either side of the hill, before and after the air flowed through the cloud, showed that 10 to 50% of the NO _y , called NO _z , was neither NO nor NO₂. This NO _z failed to exhibit a diurnal variation and was often higher after passage through cloud than before. No evidence of conversion of NO _z to NO₃ ^- in cloud was found. A simple box model of gas-phase chemistry in air before it reached the cloud, including scavenging of NO₃ and N₂O₅ by aerosol of surface area proportional to the NO₂ mixing ratio, shows that NO₃ and N₂O₅ may build up in the boundary layer by night only if stable stratification insulates the air from emissions of NO. This may explain the lack of evidence for N₂O₅ forming NO₃ ^- in cloud under well-mixed conditions in 1991, in contrast with observations under stably stratified conditions during previous experiments when evidence of N₂O₅ was found. Inside the cloud, some variations in the calculated total atmospheric loading of HNO₂ and the cloud liquid water content were related to each other. Also, indications of conversion of NO _x to NO _z were found. To explain these observations, scavenging of NO _x and HNO₂ by cloud droplets and/or aqueous-phase oxidation of NO₂ ^- by nitrate radicals are considered. When cloud acidity was being produced by aqueous-phase oxidation of NO _x or SO₂, NO₃ ^- which had entered the cloud as aerosol particles was liberated as HNO₃ vapour. When no aqueous-phase production of acidity was occurring, the reverse, conversion of scavenged HNO₃ to particulate NO₃ ^-, was observed.     

Surface NO and NO2 mixing ratios measured between 30° N and 30° S in the Atlantic region

Surface NO and NO₂ mixing ratios were measured aboard the research vessel Polarstern during the mission ANT VII/1 from 24 September to 5 October 1988. The measurements were taken along the meridian at 30° W in the Atlantic region covering latitudes between 30° N and 30° S. The average mixing ratios were about 12 pptv NO/30 pptv NO₂ in the Northern Hemisphere and about 7 pptv NO/22 pptv NO₂ in the Southern. Elevated mixing ratios of 20 pptv NO/70 pptv NO₂ were found at 12° N (probably due to air masses originating from the surface of West Africa) and in the region of the ITCZ between 8° N and 5° N. Because of probable contamination by the ship, the measured mixing ratios mostly represent upper limits.