生态学实验的分类概况、欠缺及其完善

对于生态学实验分类,国内外专门研究的文献很少,国内主要根据生态学学科分支和教学需要进行,国外主要根据具体的生态学实验特征进行,两者都不系统。进一步根据分类的一般原则以及文献研读,发现现有文献中对生态学实验的分类存在一定的欠缺:标准不统一、划分不全、多出子项、越级划分、概念混淆等。在此基础上,本文对生态学实验进行了系统分类:①根据研究对象的组织层次、与其它自然科学和社会科学交叉、研究动机,分为各个生态学分支学科实验;②根据教学需要分为基础性实验、综合性实验和研究性实验;③按照实验自身的时空特征、对象特征、作用特征等,分为野外实验和实验室实验、操纵(受控)实验和非操纵(受控)实验、定性实验和定量(测量)实验、自然实验和非自然实验等。     

东莞内陆自然水域鱼类资源变动的调查与分析

调查东莞内陆自然水域1982-1984和2005-2010年的鱼类资源。结果显示,1982-1984年,有鱼类151种,分隶17目44科,其中洄游性鱼类8种,河口性鱼类47种。纯淡水鱼类中,鲤形目67种,鲇形目14种,组成东莞纯淡水鱼类的主体,约占84.4%;河口鱼类中,鲈形目26种,与鲱、鲻形目组成东莞沿岸、三角洲水网咸淡水鱼类的主体,约占76.7%。鲤形目、鲈形目和鲇形目组成东莞内陆自然水域原生态鱼类的主体,约占鱼类总数的80.1%。2005-2010年的复查结果,仅存鱼类107种,分隶18目40科,其中原土著鱼类96种,隶属15目34科。近30年间,有2目10科56种土著鱼类消失,减少37.1%,生物多样性下降;外来入侵鱼类增多3目6科11种,从原先占有比例的2.6%增至14%。分析主要经济鱼类的生物学特征以及鱼类资源变动原因,探讨鱼类资源的利用、增殖和保护。     

旧石器时代至商周时期贵州遗址空间分布及其自然环境背景

根据对贵州230 处遗址的时空变化分析发现, 贵州旧石器时代遗址集中分布在中部、西北部和黔西南等喀斯特发育的高海拔区域。至新石器时代, 遗址仍集中分布在中部、西北部和黔西南地区, 但南部、东部等沿河地带和中西部的山间坝子开始有遗址分布。到商周时期, 遗址主要分布在沿河地带和山间坝子里。其中, 东部和南部海拔低于1000 m的地区遗址多分布在沿河地带, 而西部和北部海拔高于1000 m的地区遗址则分布在山间坝子。贵州位于亚热带湿润气候区, 气候环境的冷暖干湿波动对从事渔猎、采集及原始农业生产的古人类影响不大, 人类居住空间变化更多的与贵州特殊的自然地理背景有关, 特别是喀斯特地貌发育及适宜农业生产地方的空间差异, 对贵州旧石器至商周时期的遗址分布影响显著。旧石器时代人类以采集和渔猎为生, 临近水源的天然溶洞是人类居住的首选。随农业的出现和发展, 便于农耕的沿河地带和山间坝子成为人类的生活居住地。故新石器时代, 贵州先民居住呈现洞穴和河流阶地或山间坝子并存;至商周时期, 农业成为人类的主要经济生产方式, 人类主要居住在沿河地带和山间坝子里。     

天然气水合物注热水分解前缘热作用因素分析

为研究天然气水合物注热水分解前缘的热作用影响,建立了考虑孔隙介质中水合物饱和度的分解前缘数学模型,并进行迭代分析求解;实验测温前缘和电阻前缘与数学模型拟合前缘较好的吻合,误差控制在8%以内;分析了注热水温度和速率对分解前缘的热作用影响:温度对分解前缘影响的误差不超过8.71%,较大流速对分解前缘影响误差为4.53%,在提高注入热水温度的同时以较大注入速率能减小对水合物分解前缘的热作用影响。     

Measurement of runoff and soil loss from two differently sized plots in a subtropical environment (Brazil)

Studies of soil erosion on small plots present upscaling problems. The results in the literature on the effect of slope length (i.e. scale) on runoff and soil erosion are contradictory. Furthermore, most studies that examine scale effects measured through erosion plots have been conducted in Mediterranean environments. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of plot size on runoff and soil loss in a subtropical environment. Other measurements were taken to appraise the topsoil property changes inside the plots. The soil was ploughed twice, the surface was leveled with a hoe and it was kept bare during the experiment. Data were collected from 10 paired plots, five plots measuring 10 m × 1 m and five plots measuring 1 m × 1 m, installed in the same pedo‐geomorphologic unit. Measurements were carried out from November 2008 to November 2009. During this period, 97 natural storms were registered. The results indicate that the small plots tended to have higher runoff (30% higher) compared to larger plots, especially during periods of greater rainfall volume, duration and intensity. The soil loss was similar in both the 1 m² plots (6·33 kg/m²) and the 10 m² plots (6·26 kg/m²). Moreover, the dynamics of the soil loss during the experiment was relatively similar across both plot sizes. The large plots tended to have a greater internal complexity. In these plots, the steps retreat were higher, the overland flow scars were more frequent, and points of rill initiation and protochannels emerged in several parts of the plots. The results of the small plots were comparable to the results obtained on the large plots, especially in relation to soil loss. These plots were useful for short‐term assessments of soil erosion. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

断层裂隙水的天然电场动态响应特征

流动于断层裂隙中的地下水径流相对较集中,可视为一种运动的导体。在天然电场这一微弱的物理场中可形成明显的动态响应,即在时间和空间上的非稳定运动产生复杂、时变的感应电磁场。试验证明,这种动态响应不仅与地下水埋深、水力坡度有关,而且与观测频率也存在着较密切的关系。      

青藏高原年楚河流域径流变化特征分析

基于青藏高原河流年楚河1961-2000年天然径流量资料,选用Mann-Kendal分析方法和小波分析等方法对年楚河径流变化特征进行研究。结果表明：年楚河流域径流量年际变化相对平稳,年内分配极不均衡。丰水季节与枯水季节径流量相差悬殊,6-9月径流量占全年65%,最大月径流量占全年百分比达24.56%;在1961-2000年中,年楚河径流量呈现显著增加趋势,在1985年左右径流量发生突变性增加;日喀则和江孜两站5-8年左右时间尺度的周期震荡最显著,其次10-15年左右时间尺度的周期震荡也较为显著,两站径流量变化的主周期分别为5年和7年,次周期分别为13和12年。年楚河流域气温升高引起冰川融水增加可能是年楚河径流量增加的主要原因。     

Contending with unequal and privileged access to natural resources and land in the Okavango Delta, Botswana

This paper reviews how state policy and regulatory instruments, including protected area alienations and concessions, have altered or denied the access to land and natural livelihood resources of the indigenous Basarwa and minority subsistence-oriented communities in the Okavango Delta (OD) in Botswana. Drawing on field research and guided by a sustainable rural livelihoods framework, the paper provides an overview of key institutional interventions – in particular the setting up of the Moremi Game Reserve, Wildlife Conservation Policy, Tourism Policy, Agricultural Development Policy and the erection of veterinary fences – that have served to privilege a foreign-owned and dominated commercialized wildlife and nature tourism sector and the export-oriented beef industry in the OD. The officially sanctioned barriers to customary and usufructory rights and access, and the non-recognition of historically embedded traditional land uses have decimated already marginalized resource-based subsistence livelihoods, and precipitated intergroup conflicts over preferential rights and access to resources and opportunities, notably wildlife, non-timber veld products, agriculture and community-based tourism schemes. Such outcomes, moreover, will have consequences for the longer-term sustainability of the OD both as a socioeconomic resource base and as a natural ecosystem.     

松辽盆地晚白垩世古气候变化的测井替代指标

寻求指示古气候变化的测井替代指标是近年来古气候研究的重要途径和方向。测井曲线是地层岩 石学、岩石物理学、岩石地球化学特征的综合反映,具有连续性好、纵向分辨率高的特点,为反演古气候变化 提供了新的手段。松科１井作为专门为研究松辽盆地晚白垩世重大地质事件与古气候变化而部署的一口科学探 索井,具有系统的岩心资料和较完整的测井系列资料。文中在对松科１井南孔自然伽马能谱测井资料进行统计 的基础上,结合放射性元素地球化学分析结果,论证了钍／钾比（Th/K） 可以作为指示气候变化良好替代指标 的可行性,并据此对松辽盆地青山口组-嫩江组沉积时期的气候干湿变化进行了反演。结果表明：松辽盆地从 泉头组３段-嫩江组２段沉积时期气候总体表现为从潮湿向半干旱转化的趋势,垂向上可划分为３个完整的干 湿变化旋回。这一研究结论与前人在松辽盆地南部采用古生物学以及元素地球化学分析得出的结论相吻合,表 明根据自然伽马能谱资料统计得出的Yh/K值可以作为反演古气候变化的替代指标。     

On resource survey of natural mineral drugs in eastern Jilin and their sustaining application

There are rich natural resources of natural mineral drugs in eastern Jilin Province. Systematic resource investigation can elevate fractional conversion of this area' s mineral drugs resources superiority. Research on natural mineral drugs of this area can upgrade the translation rate of resource superiority and accelerate the development of local medical industry, especially, it can provide scientific data for founding the strategic design of Chinese traditional medicine's trademark of Jilin Changbai Mountain. Since the resource of mineral drugs can not be regenerated, it must be exploited scientifically, utilized reasonably and protected effectively its sustaining application.