Numerical Modeling of Natural Fracture Distributions in Shale

The production efficiency of shale gas is affected by the interaction between hydraulic and natural fractures. This study presents a simulation of natural fractures in shale reservoirs, based on a discrete fracture network (DFN) method for hydraulic fracturing engineering. Fracture properties of the model are calculated from core fracture data, according to statistical mathematical analysis. The calculation results make full use of the quantitative information of core fracture orientation, density, opening and length, which constitute the direct and extensive data of mining engineering. The reliability and applicability of the model are analyzed with regard to model size and density, a calculation method for dominant size and density being proposed. Then, finite element analysis is applied to a hydraulic fracturing numerical simulation of a shale fractured reservoir in southeastern Chongqing. The hydraulic pressure distribution, fracture propagation, acoustic emission information and in situ stress changes during fracturing are analyzed. The results show the application of fracture statistics in fracture modeling and the influence of fracture distribution on hydraulic fracturing engineering. The present analysis may provide a reference for shale gas exploitation.     

湖相致密储层有利层段的沉积与湖平面变化的耦合关系及其控制因素：以柴西尕斯地区上干柴沟组下段为例

探讨有利层段的沉积与湖平面变化之间的关系,可以对湖相致密储层的勘探开发部署提供一定参考。以柴达木盆地西部尕斯地区上干柴沟组下段为例,利用自然伽马（GR）曲线资料,进行Fischer图解和铀含量（U）-有机碳（TOC）回归拟合法,重建渐新世沉积时期湖平面变化过程,结合磁化率资料,讨论了湖平面变化的气候控制作用。结果表明：（1）尕斯地区上干柴沟组下段泥质含量和TOC含量变化趋势一致,均反映其在沉积过程中经历了两次湖退和湖进过程,有利于烃源岩和储层的形成;（2）湖平面上升期形成的高水位沉积体系,对应于致密砂岩类储层中优质烃源岩的富集层段,能有效形成源-储共生配置;（3）渐新世湖平面变化受西风条件下的气候的控制,西风带来的水汽,形成相对湿润的气候条件,引起湖平面的上升,有利于烃源岩的形成,且与有利层段的沉积呈现耦合关系。     

四川盆地川中—川西震旦系—三叠系天然气成藏分析及勘探意义

四川盆地蕴藏着丰富天然气资源,其中筇竹寺组页岩对盆地中下组合天然气聚集作出巨大贡献。通过对川西和川中震旦系—寒武系及上覆志留系—三叠系多层系储集层中天然气特征精细对比发现,以筇竹寺组页岩为主要烃源的油气资源极为丰富、类型多样：(1)既有典型原油裂解气,甲烷碳同位素较轻(<35‰),分布在资阳地区震旦系、太合地区寒武系沧浪铺组(角探1井)及川西北河湾场/吴家坝的茅口组。它们成藏时间早,在岩性圈闭或岩性-构造圈闭得以长期保存;(2)页岩超晚期释放气,分布广泛,高石梯—磨溪、太合、威远等地区下组合震旦系—寒武系均以该类天然气补充成藏为主,甲烷碳同位素较重(>35‰),如未遭受过硫酸盐热化学还原作用(TSR)的改造则具典型甲、乙烷碳同位素倒转(δ¹³C₁>δ¹³C₂)特征,该类气藏具多期次复杂成藏过程,但超晚期页岩来源天然气的持续补充控制着聚集丰度;(3)中组合泥盆系—三叠系(须家河组之下)天然气以断层沟通的页岩超晚期释放天然气成藏为主。综合分析可见,筇竹寺组页岩(与页岩气)保存较好区域是...     

石材幕墙结构抗震性能试验研究

为研究石材幕墙的抗震性能和破坏特征,以阿尔及利亚大清真寺南区石材幕墙工程为背景,设计了两组1:1振动台试验模型,通过振动台试验研究总结出了石材幕墙结构的地震响应特性,在此基础上,给出了石材幕墙结构动力特性简化模型,并通过引入相应的质量修正系数,得到震损石材幕墙结构自振频率计算公式。研究表明:结构自振频率在挂件和石材出现松动与损伤后逐渐降低;石材加速度响应受挂件位置和尺寸影响较大;石材与挂件之间的间隙增大了石材的加速度响应,但同时也减小了挂件的内力需求。     

西太暖池区生物组分对海底表层沉积物物理力学性质的影响

西太平洋暖池区是指位于热带西太平洋及印度洋东部海表温度常年在28 ℃以上的海域,是全球海表温度最高的深海区,构造环境与沉积环境复杂,沉积物中的生物组分含量差异较大,生物组分会对深海沉积物物理力学性质产生显著影响,但目前对沉积物中生物组分含量和沉积物物理力学性质之间的相关性关系尚不明确。本文对西太平洋暖池区核心部位的表层沉积物样品进行现场物理力学性质测试和室内涂片鉴定,研究深海表层沉积物的物理力学性质与生物组分之间的关系。结果表明:研究区表层沉积物含水率范围为61.1%~435.1%,天然密度范围为1.04~1.76 g/cm³,贯入阻力范围为0~100 kPa,十字板剪切强度范围为0~8.6 kPa,整体具有高含水率、低密度、低强度等典型的深海沉积物物理力学性质特点。西加洛林海脊、海山等CCD以浅的区域为钙质生物组分>50%的钙质沉积区;西加洛林海槽西南部及其周边的深水沟槽地区一般为硅质生物组分>50%的硅质沉积;西加洛林海盆内部则主要为黏土沉积区。随钙质生物组分减少和硅质生物组分增多,表层沉积物类型分别为钙质沉积物、黏土沉积物和硅质沉积物,天然含水率变高,天然密度、贯入阻力和十字板剪切强度降低,表明深海表层沉积物的物理力学性质与生物组分含量密切相关:贯入阻力、十字板剪切强度、天然密度与钙质生物组分含量呈正相关,与硅质生物组分含量呈负相关;而天然含水率正好相反,与钙质生物组分含量呈负相关,与硅质生物组分含量呈正相关。本文建立了深海沉积物中生物组分与物理力学性质之间的相关关系,提出了沉积物生物组分含量与物理力学性质之间的拟合公式,可以为深海沉积物工程性质的评价提供参考。     

全球氦气勘探开发进展与利用现状

【研究目的】 由于氦气具有独特的物理特性,在科学研究、医学和高科技行业的用途越来越广泛。寻找更多的氦气资源,满足市场需求,是地质行业的责任。【研究方法】 按照统计分析原则,对全球氦气勘探成果与供需形势进行梳理、总结。【研究结果】 全球氦气资源分布极不均匀,主要氦气供应国为美国、卡塔尔、俄罗斯等。近期,许多公司开始在北美地区、俄罗斯、卡塔尔、坦桑尼亚等地开展氦气的勘探开发,其中北美部分地区的氦气资源位于富含氮气的储层中,具有广阔的开发前景,全球氦气勘探活动掀起新一轮热潮。【结论】 2021年全球氦市场出现供应缺口,当今全球氦气需求的增长开始转向亚洲和中东。建议高度重视氦气不可再生性和不可替代性,开展氦气资源潜力评价工程,勘查国内非烃类氦气矿床前景,加强国际合作,开展国内氦气储备地下空间评价与选址工作,增强中国的氦气储备能力。     

长江与嘉陵江交汇区水流结构的数值模拟

针对天然河流交汇区域复杂的地形条件及水流运动特性,采用水气两相流三维数值模型,对长江与嘉陵江交汇区水流运动进行深入研究,分析了交汇区域分离区、剪切层、流速场及螺旋度的变化特性。研究结果表明:长江与嘉陵江交汇的水流分离区形状受地形影响明显,随着水位的增加向右岸移动,剪切层整体呈一个扭曲的曲面;干支流原有的环流在交汇之后重新汇合,左岸未出现明显的环流,右岸逆时针的环流有减弱趋势,交汇区域纵向流速呈现高速与低速带分布特征。此外,长江和嘉陵江在交汇口下游螺旋度呈现左侧为负、右侧为正的对称分布,水流结构表现出逐渐形成双螺旋流的趋势,其中左侧的螺旋流逆时针运动,右侧的螺旋流顺时针运动。     

三大自然区过渡地带近50年来气候类型变化及其对气候变化的响应

The transition area of three natural zones (Eastern Monsoon Region, Arid Region of Northwest China, Qinghai Tibet Plateau Region) is influenced by the Asian monsoon and middle latitude westerly circulation because of its special geographical position. And it is more sensitive to global climate change. The Koppen climate classification, which is widely used in the world, and the accumulated temperature-dryness classification, which is usually used in China, were used to study the climate zones and changes in the region of longitude 97.5°~108°E, latitude 33°~41.5°N, from 1961 to 2010. The changing areas of each climate zone were compared to the East Asian Summer Monsoon index, the South Asian Summer Monsoon index, the Summer Westerly index, the East Asian Winter Monsoon index, the Plateau Summer Monsoon index, the North Atlantic Oscillation index, the Southern Oscillation index, NINO3.4 index, to explore the response of the transition area of three natural zones to each climate system. According to the results, this region will become wetter when the Summer Westerly or the East Asian Winter Monsoon is relatively strong. When the East Asian Summer Monsoon or the South Asian Summer Monsoon becomes strong, the climate in low altitude region of the study area will easily become drier, and the climate in high altitude region of the study area is easily to become wetter. When the Plateau Summer Monsoon is relatively strong, the climate in the study area will easily become drier. When the North Atlantic Oscillation is relatively strong, the study area will easily become wetter. And when the El Niño is relatively strong, or the Southern Oscillation is relatively weak, the study area will easily become drier. In general, the moisture status of this region is mainly controlled by the middle latitude westerly circulation. The enhancement of the Asian summer monsoon could increase the precipitation in the southeast part of this regional, but, according to the degrees of dryness and the types of climate change in this paper, warming effects could offset precipitation increasing and make the area drier. The transition area of three natural zones is influenced by multiple interactions of climate systems from East Asia. A single climatic index, such as air temperature or precipitation, can not completely represent the regional features of climate change. As a result, areas of climate zones can be used as an important index in the regional climate change assessment.     

使用自然语言处理和分层匹配方法的地理信息服务语义发现

设计了一种基于自然语言处理和分层匹配的地理信息服务语义发现框架,实现用户输入关键词与地理信息服务的语义匹配。框架基于Word Net知识库,利用消歧技术确定所提取词汇的含义;根据所提取的信息来源以及相关关系将地理信息服务上下文划分为6个信息层匹配,并使用遗传算法确定各信息层在匹配过程中具有的权重。最后将所提出的发现方法与常用的发现方法做实验验证,结果表明该方法可以提高地理信息服务语义发现的查准率。     

Changeability of Movable Bed‐Surface Particles in Natural,Gravel‐Bed Channels and Its Relation to Bedload Grain Size Distribution (Scott River,Svalbard)

The presented paper analyses the variability of grain size distribution parameters of bedload transported by the gravel‐bed Scott River (Svalbard) draining a glacier catchment with an area of 10 km². The grain size distribution analysis is one of the basic elements of identification of the fluvial transport mechanisms in gravel‐bed rivers. It is used for the determination of threshold values for bedload movement. It is also treated as an important indicator of the origin, routes of distribution, and conditions of transport and deposition of fluvial bedload. The field study in a natural proglacial gravel‐bed channel was carried out at two reaches in the mouth section of Scott River. The study revealed relatively high temporal variability and similar mean parameters of grain size distribution in conditions of low discharges. Bedload transport rates reached a mean of 71.9–76.0 kg d^?1 in channel cross‐section. Bedload texture was dominated by gravels with a proportional contribution of the fine‐grained fraction along with very fine‐grained gravels (8‐2 mm) of 38.8%. The medium‐grained fraction (16‐8 mm) constituted 33.7%, with a lower contribution from the coarse‐grained fraction (32‐16 mm) of 23.2%, and the very coarse‐grained fraction (64‐32 mm) of 4.4%. Two periods in the course of bedload transport and distribution of grain size distribution parameters were distinguished based on variation of hydro‐meteorological conditions. The first half of the measurement period was distinguished by significantly higher values of daily loads and increased contribution of the coarse‐grained and very coarse‐grained fraction (28–31% and 6.2–6.6%, respectively). During this time, the river discharged up to 94% of bedload. This resulted in a clear tendency for riverbed scouring. The second half was distinguished by generally low daily bedload transport rates (<10 kg d^?1), an increase in contribution of fine‐ and very fine‐grained gravels (42–55.6%), and a change in the tendency to aggradation. Grain size indices were more varied, and grains were usually finer and better sorted. Selective transport processes, often related to redeposition, were dominant in the channel. Along with an increase in flow velocity, conditions for material deposition became more variable. This was manifested in weaker sorting and an increase in grain diameter.