导航电子地图和国家安全

简要介绍了电子地图及导航电子地图的概念、特点、用途,借鉴当今和历史事例说明两者对国家安全的重要性,进一步论述如何加强对导航电子地图的管理,建议通过宣传教育以提高人们的国家安全意识。     

A rural development strategy for the Apuseni Mountains, Romania

The Apuseni Mountains, part of the Western Carpathians, are distinctive in cultural terms because of the highly dispersed settlement patterns that have developed on the high erosion surfaces where the Moti people cleared the forests to allow for an expansion of family farming in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. These small ‘crang’ settlements remain, but the population is declining in the face of limited employment opportunities and poor services. The question arises as to the most appropriate rural development strategy for the region, following the communist period which encouraged centralisation through the provision of housing and industry in key villages and new towns. The emphasis on private farming and the expansion of tourism could protect the inherited cultural landscape but money must be found to improve rural services. There is also a strong conservation movement which supports the establishment of a national park, but this could constrain development through controls on grazing and woodcutting. Hence the dialogue continues to find the best compromise and the concept of a ‘natural park’ is being discussed with such a reconciliation in mind. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

多期构造变形事件对吉林南部大横路Cu- Co矿床富集成矿的制约

钴矿是重要的战略性金属矿产资源之一,对其成矿作用(如构造与成矿的关系)进行深入的研究能为前期指导找矿提供理论依据。本文对中国东部吉林白山市三道沟镇三岔河村大横路Cu-Co矿开展了相关工作,包括野外构造解析、钻孔-岩芯资料分析、钻孔薄片综合矿物分析系统(TIMA)实验和区域相关岩石年代学等。构造解析显示大横路Cu-Co矿围岩变形包括层片交切、S₁面理和褶劈理等构造要素。钻孔-岩芯资料分析矿区发育大量F₂紧闭褶皱、逆冲断层及断层相关褶皱、倒转褶皱F₂等。钻孔、探槽薄片样品TIMA实验显示含Co流体大量富集于低角度逆冲断裂、倒转褶皱韧性剪切域和断层相关褶皱转折端处。这些工作显示走向为NE的低角度逆冲断裂及断层相关褶皱对大横路Cu-Co矿的富集起到关键的控制作用。相关年代学工作,结合前人研究及大量区域地质资料表明:(1)矿区内逆冲断层及褶皱等控矿构造要素为古元古代构造事件的产物;(2)中生代构造事件对成矿作用的制约(Cu-Co矿的再富集)可能来自于白垩纪大规模的伸展作用。     

基于GIS的地质项目管理系统研究与实现——以战略性矿产远景调查专项项目管理系统为例

GIS在空间信息表达和管理方面有很强的优势,目前已广泛应用于社会各领域。地质项目管理是国家地质专项开展实施的重要工作,本文以战略性矿产远景调查专项项目管理系统建设为例,分析了战略性矿产远景调查专项项目管理的特点,提出了将地理信息技术应用于战略性矿产远景调查专项管理的方案,以综合管理地质项目的属性信息和空间信息。在此基础上,笔者对研发的战略性矿产专项项目管理系统进行了介绍。     

中国国家地质公园空间分布及其演化研究

2001年4月至2013年12月,国土资源部正式批准授牌了七批共240处国家地质公园。随着国家地质公园数量的增长,其在空间上呈现出一定的分布结构和演化规律。通过GIS空间分析发现:中国国家地质公园在空间上呈现显著凝聚分布;空间分布不均,具有空间集群分布的特征;分布的高密度地区为1个带状区域和4个块状区域。通过对不同阶段国家地质公园空间分布的分析,发现中国国家地质公园分布重心向北迁移、与区域中心城市的关系日趋紧密。地质构造条件、地质公园的旅游化以及拟建地政府部门认知水平是影响国家地质公园空间分布演化的重要因素。     

Sustaining marine life beyond boundaries: Options for an implementing agreement for marine biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea

For nearly a decade, governments have been discussing the need to improve efforts to conserve and sustainably use marine biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction (ABNJ). Support for a new international agreement under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) – an Implementing Agreement – on the conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity in ABNJ has been growing. In June 2012, at the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, States agreed to take a decision on the development of an international instrument under UNCLOS before the end of the 69th session of the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA), which runs from September 2014 to August 2015. In follow-up to this commitment, it was agreed to consider the “scope, parameters and feasibility” of this instrument. To inform these international discussions, this article highlights some potential options for the content of a new UNCLOS Implementing Agreement. It first reviews the history of UN discussions, and then elaborates on options to address key elements identified as priorities for States in 2011: marine genetic resources, including the sharing of benefits, area-based management tools, including marine protected areas, environmental impact assessments, capacity-building and the transfer of marine technology. It addresses cross-cutting issues such as the governing principles, institutional structure as well as on other critical points such as High Seas fishing and flag State responsibilities. The article concludes with suggestions on possible next steps in order to succeed in the negotiations for an agreement.     

Can existing institutions protect biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction? Experiences from two on-going processes

United Nations discussions on the governance of marine areas beyond national jurisdiction have questioned, but not yet reached a decision, on whether existing institutional agreements and structures are sufficient to meet global commitments to protect marine biodiversity, or if additional mechanisms may be required. This paper considers two very different efforts to protect marine biodiversity in these areas: (1) in the North-East Atlantic through the efforts of OSPAR Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic; and (2) in the central Atlantic, through the efforts of the Sargasso Sea Alliance led by the Bermuda government. In each case, action has been strongly supported by non-governmental organisations and subsequent progress has hinged upon on-going dedicated efforts of “champion” governments to bring other States on board. This paper outlines the difficulties that they have faced, and consequently why they have been time-consuming, and are not yet completed. The paper then considers 10 common recommendations that can be drawn from the experiences of these two distinct initiatives, and their relevance to on-going UN deliberations.     

国家测绘档案目录数据库升级迁移技术研究及实践北大核心CSCD

针对国家测绘档案目录数据分类多及历史原因造成的数据库欠缺整体规范性、无规范化空间定位索引等问题,为提高测绘档案的管理和服务效率,通过深入分析国家测绘档案目录数据特点、选取试验数据,规范化处理测绘档案目录数据、制作空间定位索引数据,采取渐进式测绘档案目录升级技术方案,在测绘档案业务管理系统开发建设的同时,顺利地实现了历史测绘档案目录数据的迁移和升级,避免了以往系统先建成而目录数据尚未完成迁移改造对测绘档案业务工作的影响。     

国外关键矿产战略研究进展及其启示

近年来,世界各国都将经济发展的重心向战略性新兴产业转移,为保障战略性新兴产业的发展而引发的资源安全保障问题随之而来。一些研究机构和组织纷纷开展关键矿产研究,厘定了关键矿产清单,并提出有针对性的保障措施。然而,目前国内对于关键矿产的研究才刚刚起步,对新兴产业所需矿产的研究偏少,关键矿产定量化研究的方法和指标体系总体以跟踪国外研究为主。系统地剖析了国外主要研究机构的关键矿产评价理论、模型和指标体系,总结了国外关键矿产的基本特征,并结合国内实际提出了加强部门协作、打通产业数据链、开展中国关键矿产评价理论和模型的研究、提高关键矿产供应风险治理的研究等对策建议。     

大宗急缺矿产和战略性新兴产业矿产调查工程进展与主要成果

钾盐是关乎国计民生的大宗急缺矿产; 稀有金属、稀土金属、稀散金属、萤石、晶质石墨、金刚石等矿产是国内外公认的战略性新兴矿产。根据国家建设的需求,2015年中国地质调查局设立了“大宗急缺矿产和战略性新兴产业矿产调查工程”。该工程以查明重要矿种的资源潜力,取得找矿突破为目标,以矿调为手段,以“五位一体”为部署原则,进行了全国重点地区大型资源基地和重要矿集区相关矿种的成矿规律和找矿方法创新研究,同时开展了矿产资源的综合利用研究。经过3年的努力已取得了一批找矿成果,丰富了成矿理论,创新了找矿方法,支撑了赣南、闽西等革命老区脱贫攻坚,带动了川西等地区的经济发展,对保障国家农业安全和战略性新兴产业顺利发展发挥了积极作用。概要介绍了在钾盐找矿、华南“三稀”金属矿产调查、川西大型锂矿资源基地建设、新疆奇台超大型晶质石墨矿找矿等方面取得的新进展; 介绍了在华南、华北、中西部等主要成矿带“三稀”矿产、晶质石墨、萤石等关键矿种成矿规律研究、成矿模式构建、资源潜力评价、重点靶区优选、技术方法组合等方面取得的成果; 介绍了在公益性基础性调查研究中所起到的示范引领作用。钾盐“二层楼”成矿模式和锂矿“五层楼+地下室层脉组合”成矿理论和找矿模型得以完善,新发现靶区40处,矿产地14处,大型资源基地2处,新增KCl资源量3.5亿t,伟晶岩型锂资源量31.75万t,铍资源量1.6万t,石墨资源量7 378万t,脉石英56万t,萤石1 159万t,金刚石资源量2.29万克拉,新增重稀土资源量12万t,含磷锂铝石岩体型锂资源量38万t。该工程取得的进展与成果对保障国家资源安全和战略性新兴产业的顺利发展具有重要的现实意义。