Alpine medicinal plant trade and Himalayan mountain livelihood strategies

Commercial alpine medicinal plants are collected from the wild by local rural households throughout the Himalaya and sold in order to increase household incomes. Recent studies indicate that this annual trade amounts to thousands of tonnes of roots, rhizomes, tubers, leaves, etc., worth millions of US dollars. The main market is in India. Based on a national survey, including the most commonly traded species, and a village study this paper investigates the importance of the alpine medicinal plant trade at national and local levels in Nepal. The national survey included standardized open-ended interviews with 232 harvesters, 64 local traders, 66 central wholesalers, 47 regional wholesalers, and 16 production companies. The village survey is based on the daily records of household activities in 15 households in a one-year period. The annual Nepalese alpine and sub-alpine medicinal plant trade is conservatively estimated to vary from 480 to 2500 t with a total harvester value of US$0.8–3.3 million; the average harvester value is estimated at US$66.0 ± 99.0. The trade in 1997/98 amounted to 1600 t with a harvester value of US$2.3 million and an export value equivalent to 2.5% of total export from Nepal. Medicinal plant harvesting was found to constitute an integrated part of local livelihood strategies, contributing from 3 to 44% (average of 12%) of the annual household income. Importance at household level depended on land and animal holdings, and the availability of adult male labour. The validity and reliability of methods and analyses is evaluated, and issues of conservation and management of alpine medicinal plant species under the community forestry scheme are discussed.     

国际直接投资变化趋势及对我国引资的思考

国际资本投资特别是对外直接投资的迅速增长，无论是对资本输出国还是对资本吸纳国的经济和社会发展都产生了深刻的影响。以美国为首的发达国家无论是在资本输出还是资本流入中一直都占据重要地位，以新兴市场国家为代表的发展中国家的国际资本投资存在逐渐加强的趋势。从国际资本投资的行业分布特征来看，主要集中在制造业和金融、保险、房地产业，特别是金融、保险和房地产业所占比重持续上升。改革开放以来，外商投资已经成为引发我国经济发展深刻变化的重要因素，外商投资企业成为我国国民经济中的重要组成部分。要进一步抓对全球经济一体化的机会，制定相应的发展战略，促进我国经济的发展。     

电子政务建设应注意军事应用的几个问题

电子政务的运行模式必将促使国防动员、军队决策指挥 ,以及战场信息应用等环节发生相应的变化。建设电子政务将促进国防动员工作规范化、制度化 ,将创造条件实现政府对军队的信息支援 ,将有利于未来战争数字战场环境建设。建设电子政务系统和“数字城市”、“数字省区”时 ,应结合国防动员和信息支援的问题从顶层构架 ,统盘考虑军事应用 ,同时制定法规和标准     

论我国大地测量基础建设

概述了我国大地控制网、高程控制网和地球重力场等基础建设的基本情况、需求分析与任务建议。提出我国空间大地网应由连续运行参考站、一级网、二级网和三级网组成 ;一、二等水准网复测和高程基准再定义 ;为精化大地水准面 ,要补测重力点和加测GPS/水准点。     

国家地理空间信息基准框架工程建设

提出了国家地理空间信息基准框架内改进与更新原有的大地坐标基准、高程基准和重力基准的建设道路及解决原则。     

关于当前我国战略性矿产勘查工作几个问题的思考

战略性矿产勘查是近几年根据中国地勘管理体制的新变化和国家对矿产勘查工作的新要求提出的概念。本文从战略性矿产的基本内涵、战略性矿产资源勘查工作的性质与任务、战略性矿产资源勘查工作与传统矿产勘查工作的差异、战略性矿产资源勘查工作的管理体制与运行机制等几个方面进行了初步探讨，旨在明确其性质定位和目标任务，逐步建立国家出资的公益性地质工作与后续商业性矿产勘查工作良性互动、有机结合的有效机制，促进中国矿产勘查业全面、健康地发展。     

高坪-吉心段公路喀斯特工程地质综合勘察

以沪蓉国道主干线湖北省高坪-吉心段的喀斯特地质勘察工作为例，探讨喀斯特地区公路工程地质综合勘察的基本方法。在喀斯特地区运用遥感和地理信息技术技术、地质测绘、综合物探以及地质钻探等勘察手段，通过综合分析各种勘探成果，能够较准确地查明可溶岩的分布、喀斯特形态类型、分布规律、控制因素以及喀斯特水的赋存、分布和运移规律等，并根据不同的喀斯特地貌提出了有针对性的处理对策。通过不断的实践和经验总结。针对喀斯特工程地质问题合理运用综合工程勘察方法，能做出科学的分析评价，可以适应喀斯特区公路建设的需要，并且供今后在喀斯特地区修建公路时参考和借鉴。     

中国国家公园与世界遗产地保护——挑战与战略

About 70% of its land area as mountains and plateaus,China is the largest mountain countryin the world.Thanks to its vast territory (9.6 million km2),outstanding relief and varied climates,China boasts extremely plenty of ecosystems and landscapes.From south to north,it traverses almostall the temporal zones from tropical rainforest in the southernmost to frigid-temperate needle-leavedforest in the northernmost; from east to west,it sees a gradual transition fro humid forest landscape toextremely arid desert landscape; vertical change of landscapes is most striking owing to the existenceof many high mountains (above 6000-7000 m,e.g.,the Himalayas,the Kunlun,the Tianshan,theHengduan,etc.) and plateaus,especially the immense Tibetan Plateau (averagely 4500 m above sealevel).All of this give rise to the richness and diversity of ecosystems and landscape in China.Some ofthe ecosystems are endemic to China,e.g.,alpine desert and alpine steppe in the Tibetan Plateau.As aresult,China bears a great responsibility in the protection of global ecosystems and landscape.     

我国国家大地网的地壳形变改正探讨

以2000网为例，根据1991～2001年累积的GPS重复观测资料，利用GIPSY软件建立具有1115个测点的地壳运动模型。在此基础上，采用双三次样条函数数值拟合法，模拟出2000网网点相对西安基准站的地壳形变改正值，并给出了效果图。     

Contesting ‘Local’ Commemoration of the Second World War: the case of the Changi Chapel and Museum in Singapore

This paper concerns the performance of national war memory at the Changi Chapel and Museum, a site honouring the many prisoners interned in Japanese-Occupied Singapore—especially at Changi—during the Second World War. In the light of the global nature of ‘the Changi story’, and the predominantly transnational nature of its present in situ memorialisation, we first examine how the Singapore state has sought to ‘localise’ the site to make it equally appealing to Singaporeans, as a place where a sense of their ‘shared history’ may be invoked. We then explore the Singaporeans' views about the site and its reconfiguration as a national icon, arguing how the state's task of ‘localising’ the site has been a vexed process due to myriad factors such as ethnic and religious plurality, and the already foreign-centric bias of prevailing knowledge about Changi. Following that, we show how this performance of national memory is also inflected by Australia's national remembrance of the same event. More broadly, we highlight the contested process of ‘localising’ such war memoryscapes as national iconography, suggesting how it may be more fruitful to conceive them as ‘international memoryscapes’, or places to which all individuals can relate regardless of race or national affiliations.