Marine science and technology transfer: Can the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission advance governance of biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction?

Marine scientific research is crucial to forge solutions in the development of a new international legally binding instrument for the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction (ABNJ) under the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea . The transfer of marine technology, capacity development and marine genetic resources are key issues. This paper examines how the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC), as a competent international organisation for marine scientific research and technology transfer, can inform the development of the instrument. Synergies between marine technology transfer and non-monetary benefit sharing of genetic resources are illustrated. Four key lessons from the IOC are examined: 1. Coordinating international cooperation in marine scientific research; 2. Enabling open access to data and knowledge; 3. Facilitating capacity development through scientific training and education; and 4. Governance of marine scientific research. Realising the potential of the IOC to advance governance solutions for ABNJ will depend on increased political will from Member States and strengthened partnerships to reduce resource constraints and enhance the IOC's capacity at global and regional scales.     

经济地理学与空间治理

经济地理学是一门研究真实世界的学科,在社会实践中发挥着重要作用。满足国家和社会的需求,是这个学科发展的生命力所在。针对当前全面深化改革的新形势以及“未来地球”计划的提出,本文倡导开展面向空间治理的经济地理学研究,提高该学科服务于国家战略决策的能力。之后本文阐述了中国空间治理的政治文化基础;分析了中国空间治理的主要手段,包括规划体制、土地制度、户籍制度和财税体制。本文认为,只有客观、全面地观察中国的空间治理体系,并将其理论知识化,才能使经济地理学研究具有更大的科学价值和实践意义,也才能为国家提高空间治理能力提供科学支撑。     

Fiji’s fisheries: their contribution to development and their future

The industrial fisheries of Fiji have had mixed fortunes. The fresh fish export industry has grown rapidly in importance so that fisheries is now the third most valuable export industry; its positive effect on the economy is mainly in the increase in the purchase of goods and services, such as air freight. The present ‘hands off’ policy by government in the fresh fish export industry should continue until the industry matures. In the longer run, ad valorem royalties should be considered as a mean of capturing resource rents. The government-owned export cannery has been in financial decline, and the maintenance of the social benefits of regional employment generated by the cannery has come at a high cost to government coffers. The future of the cannery, now leased to a private operator, is clouded by the uncertainty of the continuity of concessional access to European markets beyond the year 2000. The main task faced by government is the management of fisheries and fish stocks. The management of the inshore fisheries — vital to the needs of a large proportion of the population — needs additional resources. The capability for management of the industrial fisheries, necessary to maximise long term public benefits, would be enhanced by full cost recovery through a user pays policy. This article is based on a paper presented to the Fiji Update seminar, held at the National Centre for Development Studies, the Australian National University, Canberra, on 19 June 1998. The author wishes to thank Mr Krishna Swamy, Senior Fisheries Officer in the Fiji Fisheries Division, and Mr Grahame Southwick, Managing Director of the Fiji Fish Company Ltd, for their generous provision of information for the preparation of this paper; and Mr Joeli Veitayaki, Coordinator of the Ocean Resources Management Programme, University of the South Pacific, for helpful comments. Any errors or omissions are the author’s responsibility, however.     

数据库驱动程序设计初探

对用数据库驱动的程序设计方法进行了讨论，该方法使程序简化、易扩充     

Research on the security of national geospatial data clearinghouse based on ASP

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国家经济增速与国家竞争力/影响力的时空关系

经济发展速度一直是各国家经济发展水平的重要测度指标,但国家经济增速与国家竞争/影响力之间的关系及可能的阈值需要进行深入地研究,尤其是在中国经济增速下滑的背景下,迫切需要阐释经济增速下降是否影响国家竞争力/影响力。在评述既有研究进展的基础上,采用时空分析路径,探讨国家经济发展速度与国家竞争力/影响力的时空关系。首先,从历史的角度分析了15世纪以来世界权力中心的演变路径,考察了英国、美国等世界权力中心的国家经济增速变化,总结其发展规律,考察国家影响力与国家经济增速之间的对应关系。然后着眼于空间视角,考察目前国家经济增速与国家竞争力的空间分异,尤其是考察两者之间关系的分异关系,总结主要特征与规律。研究发现国家经济增速与国家影响力之间并非存在严格的线性关系,但国家影响力的培育与强化仍需要一定的经济增速进行支撑,而国家经济增速与国家竞争力之间呈现逆向的对应关系,经济高速增长的国家往往竞争力较低,竞争力较高的国家往往有较低的经济增速甚至负增长。     

行政区划研究的地理学支撑与展望

行政区划研究一直是人文—经济地理学的重要研究领域,与政治地理学、历史地理学、城市地理学具有非常密切的关系。行政区划本身也是一种资源的新论断,对于重新认识和发挥行政区划在空间治理和优化区域发展格局的作用具有非常重要的意义。在回顾总结行政区划研究历史的基础上,梳理了行政区划研究的发展脉络,分析了新时期政区设置的背景和影响因素发生的重大变化,如城镇化进程改变了人口经济集聚的空间格局,自然地理格局对行政区划设置的影响日益减小,交通通讯条件的改善为扩大管理幅度创造了条件。结合空间治理的新需求提出了新时期的行政区划研究应把握3条主线,分别是优化和提高区域管理效率、预防和保障区域治理安全和推进政区精准精细化管理。从推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化出发,提出行政层级和管辖幅度的优化可以提高空间治理效率;缩小经济强省和面积大省的管辖幅度可以保障空间治理安全;合理的管辖幅度和基层政区的优化设置有助于加强空间治理的精准化和精细化。科学合理的行政区划调整可以让空间治理更好的发挥作用,为构建适合我国国情的空间治理体系提供基础支撑。     

监测地理国情对测绘发展的引领与拓新

开展地理国情监测,国家测绘地理信息局已经有了很好的成果资料积累、技术基础和人才梯队,但是要形成一个完整的地理国情监测体系还需要科技创新和实践探索。目前主要任务是：充分利用已取得的基础测绘成果及其与地理国情监测相关方面探索出的成功经验,准确把握地理国情监测的重点和难点,创新思维,勇于探索,破解难题,为全面开展地理国情监测工作铺平道路。     

Spatial distribution characteristics of national protected areas in China

Journal of Geographical Sciences - This paper investigated spatial structures of 3418 national protected areas (NPAs) grouped into 13 types using GIS and quantitative analysis, including point...     

Alpine medicinal plant trade and Himalayan mountain livelihood strategies

Commercial alpine medicinal plants are collected from the wild by local rural households throughout the Himalaya and sold in order to increase household incomes. Recent studies indicate that this annual trade amounts to thousands of tonnes of roots, rhizomes, tubers, leaves, etc., worth millions of US dollars. The main market is in India. Based on a national survey, including the most commonly traded species, and a village study this paper investigates the importance of the alpine medicinal plant trade at national and local levels in Nepal. The national survey included standardized open-ended interviews with 232 harvesters, 64 local traders, 66 central wholesalers, 47 regional wholesalers, and 16 production companies. The village survey is based on the daily records of household activities in 15 households in a one-year period. The annual Nepalese alpine and sub-alpine medicinal plant trade is conservatively estimated to vary from 480 to 2500 t with a total harvester value of US$0.8–3.3 million; the average harvester value is estimated at US$66.0 ± 99.0. The trade in 1997/98 amounted to 1600 t with a harvester value of US$2.3 million and an export value equivalent to 2.5% of total export from Nepal. Medicinal plant harvesting was found to constitute an integrated part of local livelihood strategies, contributing from 3 to 44% (average of 12%) of the annual household income. Importance at household level depended on land and animal holdings, and the availability of adult male labour. The validity and reliability of methods and analyses is evaluated, and issues of conservation and management of alpine medicinal plant species under the community forestry scheme are discussed.