超导重力仪检测2011年日本东北Mw9.0级地震前的重力扰动信号

对大地震前的扰动现象的研究有助于认识地震孕育的动力学过程,震前重力扰动已成为关注的热点之一. 对大地震前的扰动现象的研究有助于认识地震孕育的动力学过程,震前重力扰动已成为关注的热点之一. 为检验日本M_w9.0级地震是否存在震前扰动现象,本研究利用全球超导重力仪记录到的地震前后7天内20组秒采样数据进行分析. 经潮汐、大气改正等处理去除仪器的漂移及残余潮汐效应,得到非潮汐重力变化曲线.结果表明大部分振幅大于30×10^-8 m·s^-2的曲线反映了全球M_w≥6级地震引起的高频波动信号,其中11组数据在3月9日M_w7.3级前震之前出现了扰动现象.震前扰动可分解为三个频段,其中,低于0.1 Hz和高于0.18 Hz的分量分别反映了地震波动信号及非构造信息,中间频段(0.118~0.18 Hz)信号能够较大程度地压制地震波动信号、并同时保留异常扰动信息.它的振幅在3月7日10时之前基本保持约1×10^-8 m·s^-2,之后开始逐渐增大,到3月9日7.3级前震前后达到最大,此后振荡衰减,振幅保持约(5~10)×10^-8 m·s^-2,直至主震发生.中间频段信号的变化特征与主震前的应力迁移过程以及实验记录到的地震成核过程有许多相似之处;不过,震前重力异常是否与主震前的应力加速积累有关,仍待进一步研究.     

The Spatial Restructuring of Population in Metropolitan Beijing: Toward Polycentricity in the Post-Reform ERA

Based on data from the third (1982), fourth (1990), and fifth (2000) Population Census of China, this research examines the changing patterns of population distribution in the Beijing metropolitan area in the post-reform era. In the mid-1980s, China launched a series of urban land use reforms aimed toward achieving a market economy. A direct impact of these reforms in Beijing was the restructuring of land uses, evidenced by the relocation of central-city residents to the suburbs to make room for commercial development. This residential suburbanization trend emerged during the 1980s and accelerated in the 1990s. Population change rates varied significantly across subdistricts, and variation was much greater in the 1990s than in the 1980s, indicating an increasingly diverse set of growth trajectories across metropolitan Beijing over time. Various population density functions are tested. The population density pattern is best characterized by a monocentric model in 1982, a dual-centered model in 1990, and a seven-centered model in 2000. This transition in Beijing's urban form toward polycentricity is similar to trends in most Western cities.     

Quantitative geomorphological analysis of drumlins in the Peterborough drumlin field,Ontario, Canada

Drumlins are enigmatic subglacial landforms that have been interpreted to form by a number of processes, including incremental accumulation of till, erosion of previously deposited sediment, catastrophic meltwater floods, and sediment deformation. However, relatively little is known about the controls on drumlin formation, such as spatially variable glacial processes or substrate characteristics, and how these controls may be identified from variations in drumlin morphology within a single drumlin field. This paper explores a computational method that allows identification of drumlins and extraction of their morphological characteristics from existing topographic digital data for a portion of the Peterborough drumlin field in Ontario, Canada. Spatial and non‐spatial analysis of the form and distribution of drumlins across the study area identifies drumlin characteristics such as size, elongation ratio, symmetry and long axis orientation and shows that drumlins are not randomly distributed across the region and their form characteristics have distinct regional trends. Kernel density analysis is used to identify the regional trends in drumlin characteristics. Factors that appear to influence the form and distribution of drumlins in the study area include sediment thickness, length of time beneath the ice, ice velocity and direction of ice movement. The distribution of particularly well developed asymmetric and elongate drumlins coincides with the location of a broad bedrock low and is interpreted to identify the former location of a fast‐flowing ice stream.     

Formal difference analysis and unification onp-norm distribution density functions

The cause of the formal difference ofp-norm distribution density functions is analyzed, two problems in the deduction ofp-norm formulating are improved, and it is proved that two different forms ofp-norm distribution density functions are equivalent. This work is useful for popularization and application of thep-norm theory to surveying and mapping.     

What about people in pedestrian navigation?

Pedestrian navigation has become an important theoretical and practical research topic in many disciplines such as cartography, geographical information science, global and indoor positioning, spatial behavior, psychology, sociology, and neuroscience. Many research studies view pedestrian navigation using process-oriented and goal-directed approaches. However, this paper revisits people’s needs in pedestrian navigation and classifies their needs as three layers: physical sense layer, physiological safety layer, and mental satisfaction layer according to Maslow’s theory. This paper introduces a people-centric framework for pedestrian navigation theory based on these three layers and discusses theoretical challenges for meeting each layer of people’s needs. These challenging theories may represent promising and valuable research and promote usage of pedestrian navigation systems or devices in the future.     

淤泥质浅滩泥沙临界起动切应力剖面确定

为了确定淤泥质浅滩泥沙的临界起动切应力垂线剖面,采用音叉密度计在淤泥质连云港徐圩浅滩进行了定点密度垂线分布测量,并针对该海域的泥沙利用长水槽和环形槽开展了泥沙起动室内试验。淤泥密度现场结果表明,浅滩泥沙密度与深度满足对数型关系;室内试验得出密度1 050~1 400 kg/m³的泥沙临界起动切应力值为0.1~1.0 Pa,泥沙临界切应力与密度呈指数关系;进而确定了临界起动切应力与深度的关系即临界起动切应力剖面,该剖面关系式可供数学模型模拟淤泥质浅滩的泥沙起动过程参考。     

富硒农业发展中的安全问题及对策

随着社会的发展,人民群众愈加重视营养保健,富硒产品方兴未艾。但是,富硒土壤往往伴随着重金属超标,如何充分利用富硒土壤且保证产品安全,是迫切需要研究解决的课题。     

粗大误差在船坞围堰安全施工监测中的运用与分析

船坞监测数据对船坞围堰的正常施工起着非常重要的作用,但是由于各种不正确的因素导致监测数据与实际情况不符,而这些异常测值不能通过直观的方法进行剔除,从而对船坞围堰的安全施工监控产生较大的影响,必须进行判断和处理。分别介绍了3σ（拉伊达）、Grubbs（格罗布斯）、Dixon（狄克逊）3种常用排除粗大误差的准则,并应用于具体的船坞围堰安全施工监测。结果表明,这些准则能快速、方便、有效地排除异常测值,为船坞围堰安全施工提供帮助。     

确定多重现期暴雨公式参数的二次优化算法

四参数非线性多重现期暴雨公式在城市排水规划设计中有着广泛的应用。搜索算法与最小二乘法是优化计算的两个简单有效的方法,不过单独直接用于求解四参数非线性多重现期暴雨公式的参数比较困难。提出耦合最小二乘法及搜索算法确定多重现期暴雨公式参数的二次优化算法,该方法可以一次得到多重现期暴雨强度公式的参数,参数优化过程不需要图解。研究表明,计算结果比较客观;成果精度高,例题的平均绝对均方差为0.035mm/min。与遗传算法、蚁群算法等比较,该方法计算原理容易理解,计算简便,可以用Excel进行参数优化计算。     

基岩水井水力分段压裂增水技术研究与应用

随着我国社会、经济的快速发展和人民生活水平的不断提高,水资源供需矛盾日益突出。特别近几年,我国西南、西北、华北等许多地区发生持续干旱,当地的人畜用水极度困难。抗旱找水打井工作十分迫切。针对我国基岩水井取水存在部分水井出水量偏低的状况,从基于水井压裂机理、压裂液、压裂工艺等方面开展了分段压裂增水技术研究工作,并进行了试验。成功探索出一套适合我国国情的水文水井用水力压裂技术,为我国合理开发和利用地下水资源,缓解基岩山区水资源紧张提供了技术支撑。