Metasomatized harzburgite xenoliths from Avacha volcano as fragments of mantle wedge of the Kamchatka arc: Implication for the metasomatic agent

Abstract   Abundant peridotite xenoliths have been found in pyroclasitics of Avacha (Avachinsky) volcano, the south Kamchatka arc, Russia. They are mostly refractory harzburgite with or without clinopyroxene: the Fo of olivine and Cr/(Cr + Al) atomic ratio of spinel range from 91 to 92 and from 0.5 to 0.7, respectively. They are metasomatized to various extents, and the metasomatic orthopyroxene has been formed at the expense of olivine. The metasomatic orthopyroxene, free of deformation and exsolution, is characterized by low contents of CaO and Cr₂O₃. The complicated way of replacement possibly indicates low viscosity of the metasomatic agent, namely hydrous fluids released from the relatively cool slab beneath the south Kamchatka arc. This is a good contrast to the north Kamchatka arc, where the slab has been hot enough to provide slab-derived melts. High content of total orthopyroxene, 40 vol% on average, in metasomatized harzburgite from Avacha suggests silica enrichment of the mantle wedge, and is equivalent to some subcratonic harzburgite. Some subcratonic harzburgites therefore could have been formed by transportation of subarc metasomatized peridotites to a deeper part of the upper mantle.     

纳米纤维状白炭黑的孔隙特征

在与传统白炭黑对比研究基础上,利用TEM、XRD、FT_IR和氮吸附法对纳米纤维状白炭黑(MLD为92.73%)进行研究,主要讨论了纳米纤维状白炭黑多孔结构的成因、孔径大小、孔分布及孔类型等特征。分析表明纤蛇纹石中氢氧镁石八面体层被酸溶蚀和硅氧四面体层的塌陷是导致这种白炭黑具有多孔纳米纤维结构的直接原因;有两种孔隙类型,即纤维上的孔隙和纤维的堆积孔隙;纤维上的孔隙包括SiO_2微粒间的孔隙、其聚结体间的孔隙、残余纳米管的管道和毛细管道;孔径2.1和3.8nm处的孔隙数量多,并且在纳米纤维(或管)上存在大量小于5nm左右的微孔。研究证明了在用于橡胶、塑料填充补强剂和催化剂载体等方面,纳米纤维状白炭黑更优于传统白炭黑。     

SF对水泥土的影响初探

本文介绍了一种新型的软土地基处理剂──硅粉在水泥加固土中部分取代水泥后的试验结果，掺入硅粉后水泥用量可大幅度减少，水泥土强度有很大提高。对水泥土中ＳＦ的作用进行了探讨。     

The Hot—Spring Genesis of the Shimen Realgar Deposit,Northwest Hunan

The Shimen realgar deposit is characterized by the pipi-shaped orebody and the development of silica sinter and hydrothermal explosive breccia which are typical of hot spring activity.Very similar trace-element associations are noticed between the silica cap and the breccia and modern hot spring waters in the area.The chemistr of ore-forming solutions is also well comparable with that of modern hot spring.,The spring system that gave rise to the mineralization was charged by ground waters heated through thermal conducting systems in the deep crust and,to a lesser extent,by geothermal gradient.ΔD,δ^18O,δ^13CCH4andδ^13CH4andδ^13CCO2values and ^40Ar/^36Ar and 3^He/^4He ratios indicate that the spring system is of crustal derivation.The ore-forming metals were supplied by surrounding strata,particularly those underlying the ore deposits.The mechanim of ore deposition is thought to be hydrothermal explosion and accompanying boiling and abrupt changes in pH and Eh.Located in northwest Hunan,the Shimen realgar deposit is the leading arsenic producer in the country,However,regardless of its long mining history,the genesis of this deposit has long been a puzzle.It was considered to be postmagmatic epithermal in the leading arsenic producer in the puzzle.It Was considered to be postmagmatic epithermal in origin,but this is trongly challenged by filling(metasomatism)in karst environment proposed later by Zhou Zhiquan(1986)also encounters a number of difficulties.For example,why can the pipi-shaped orebody vertically extend up to several hundreds meters without any compatible development in the lateral dimension? A hot spring genesis is suggested in the present paper based on geological observations and laboratory studies conducted by the authors in recent years.     

On Silica Activity and Serpentinization

Serpentinites have the lowest silica activity of common crustalrocks. At the serpentinization front, where olivine, serpentine,and brucite are present, silica activities (relative to quartz)are of the order of 10^–2·5 to 10^–5, dependingon the temperature. Here we argue that this low silica activityis the critical property that produces the unusual geochemicalenvironments characteristic of serpentinization. The formationof magnetite is driven by the extraction of silica from theFe₃Si₂O₅(OH)₄ component of serpentine, producing extremely reducingconditions as evinced by the rare iron alloys that partiallyserpentinized peridotites contain. The incongruent dissolutionof diopside to form Ca²⁺, serpentine, and silica becomes increasinglyfavored at lower T, producing the alkalic fluids characteristicof serpentinites. The interaction of these fluids with adjacentrocks produces rodingites, and we argue that desilication isalso part of the rodingite-forming process. The low silica activityalso explains the occurrence of low-silica minerals such ashydrogrossular, andradite, jadeite, diaspore, and corundum inserpentinites or rocks adjacent to serpentinites. The tendencyfor silica activity to decrease with decreasing temperaturemeans that the presence of certain minerals in serpentinitescan be used as indicators of the temperature of serpentinization.These include, with decreasing temperature, diopside, andraditeand diaspore. Because the assemblage serpentine + brucite marksthe lowest silica activity reached in most serpentinites, thepresence and distribution of brucite, which commonly is a crypticphase in serpentinites, is critical to interpreting the processesthat lead to the hydration of any given serpentinite. KEY WORDS: serpentinization; serpentinites; silica activity; oxygen fugacity; rodingites; magnetization of serpentinites     

Numerical investigation of the gel barrier formation with vertical injection pipe

Permeation grouting is the injection of a fluid grout into ground and production of a solidified mass to carry increased load and/or fill voids to control water flow. This study examined a technology of constructing horizontal gel barrier by the permeation grouting through multiple vertical injection pipes. Colloidal Silica (CS) solution was used as a gelling liquid to be injected and solidified in the unsaturated soil. Formation of a gel bulb was simulated and the results were compared with those obtained from the sleeve pipe injection with horizontal pipes. The gel bulb generated from the injection method employing vertical pipe showed greater sensitivity of the bulb’s lateral extent to variations in operating conditions compared to the sleeve pipe injection. Although in the limited numbers, in all examined cases, the vertical-pipe system appeared to consume a larger volume of CS solution than the horizontal-pipe system to form an equivalent horizontal gel barrier. This result supports our intuition that the injection with the horizontal pipes may be more effective than the one with vertical pipes in constructing horizontal gel barrier.     

微细浸染型金矿的硅质阴极发光与成矿物源分析——以黔西南和桂西北金矿为例

应用阴极发光技术研究了微细浸染型金矿中赋矿围岩和矿石中硅质以及成矿期和表生期石英脉的阴极发光特征。结果表明 :围岩(包括石英斑岩和辉绿岩墙)中的硅质和石英及次生硅化石英均表现不同的发光特征 ,而与原生矿化有关的原生硅化石英不发光 ;其中 ,氧化矿石中的硅化石英和表生梳状石英脉在阴极发光下呈棕色 ,与赋矿围岩中碎屑石英的次生溶解加大边表现的发光特征一致。这表明氧化和表生石英的硅质来源与溶解围岩和改造原生矿石有关 ,而原生硅化石英的硅质来源与围岩(包括岩浆岩)无关 ,进而表明成矿物质并非围岩提供。结合其它方面的系列研究 ,为该类型金矿属深源流体成矿作用产物的新观点 ,即成矿物质和流体可能直接来源于深部或上地幔提供了进一步的证据。这表明 ,阴极发光技术是一种简便、可靠和实用的矿床成因研究手段。     

碳酸盐岩中燧石条带成因争鸣——以北京西山中元古界雾迷山组为例

北京地区中元古界雾迷山组主要由燧石条带白云岩、燧石结核白云岩、叠层石白云岩和少量含陆源粉砂质碎屑的白云岩组成,广泛出露于北京山区,厚度2000~3500 m。以雾迷山组为代表的大量中元古代硅质沉积物的物源和形成原因,一般教科书均认为层状燧石为生物成因,结核状燧石为成岩交代成因。笔者等在北京西山等地多次野外考察发现,剖面上的硅质条带或硅质结核（下一般称燧石席或硅胶席）。 燧石席内部常包裹或胶结有下伏白云岩的砾石并且因混有有机质等,表现为各种暗色或杂色。硅胶席在上覆白云质沉积物堆积之前与其周围的白云质灰泥和粒屑几乎同时形成,燧石透镜体与白云质沉积物之间存在着相互穿插、包裹的关系,但彼此之间边界清晰,无论是白云石粒屑还是硅胶席都没有任何被交代痕迹。因此,笔者等认为：燧石“结核”是硅胶聚集成席,再经压实、固化的结果,其浑圆状边缘是水下硅胶与沉积介质的相变面。硅胶固化作用是雾迷山组中原生燧石的唯一成因。在成岩重力压实过程中,连续分布的原生硅质沉积物会形成布丁或“结核”构造。白云质灰泥和粒屑的胶结速度与硅胶的固化速度之间存在着明显的差异,遇地震等外力作用,软的硅胶席会沿着弱固结的白云岩裂隙向上侵入或向下挤入,形成硅质脉。遇有后期的岩浆侵入或热变质作用的改造,硅质条带和硅质结核的成分和颜色会发生相应的变化,质地变纯,颜色由深变浅,但是仍然保留原生的层理或纹理,容易被误认为是成岩期或成岩后硅质交代碳酸盐矿物而成。     

碳酸盐岩中燧石条带成因争鸣——以北京西山中元古界雾迷山组为例

北京地区中元古界雾迷山组主要由燧石条带白云岩、燧石结核白云岩、叠层石白云岩和少量含陆源粉砂质碎屑的白云岩组成,广泛出露于北京山区,厚度2000~3500 m。以雾迷山组为代表的大量中元古代硅质沉积物的物源和形成原因,一般教科书均认为层状燧石为生物成因,结核状燧石为成岩交代成因。笔者等在北京西山等地多次野外考察发现,二维剖面上的硅质条带或硅质结核在三维实体上实际上是透镜状或席状（下一般称燧石席或硅胶席）。 燧石席内部常包裹或胶结有下伏白云岩的砾石并且因混有有机质等,表现为各种暗色或杂色。硅胶席在上覆白云质沉积物堆积之前与其周围的白云质灰泥和粒屑几乎同时形成,燧石透镜体与白云质沉积物之间存在着相互穿插、包裹的关系,但彼此之间边界清晰,无论是白云石粒屑还是燧石席都没有任何被交代痕迹。因此,笔者等认为：燧石“结核”是硅胶聚集成席,再经压实、固化的结果,其浑圆状边缘是水下硅胶与沉积介质的相变面。硅胶固化作用是北京西山中元古界雾迷山组中原生燧石的唯一成因。在成岩重力压实过程中,连续分布的原生硅质沉积物会形成布丁或“结核”构造。白云质灰泥和粒屑的胶结速度明显快于硅胶的固化速度,遇地震等外力作用,软的硅胶席会沿着弱固结的白云岩裂隙向上侵入或向下挤入,形成硅质脉。遇有后期的岩浆侵入或热变质作用的改造,硅质条带和硅质结核的成分和颜色会发生相应的变化,质地变纯,颜色由深变浅,但是仍然保留原生的层理或纹理,容易被误认为是成岩期或成岩后硅质交代碳酸盐矿物而成。