Comparative study on Co<Subscript>2</Subscript> emissions from different types of alpine meadows during grass exuberance period

Potentilla fruticosa scrub,Kobresia humilis meadow andKobresia tibetica meadow are widely distributed on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. During the grass exuberance period from 3 July to 4 September, based on close chamber-GC method, a study on CO₂ emissions from different treatments was conducted in these meadows at Haibei research station, CAS. Results indicated that mean CO₂ emission rates from various treatments were 672.09±152.37 mgm^-2h^-1 for FC (grass treatment); 425.41± 191.99 mgm^-2h^-1 for FJ (grass exclusion treatment); 280.36±174.83 mgm^-2h^-1 for FL (grass and roots exclusion treatment); 838.95±237.02 mgm^-2h^-1 for GG (scrub+grass treatment); 528.48±205.67 mgm^-2h^-1 for GC (grass treatment); 268.97±99.72 mgm^-2h^-1 for GL (grass and roots exclusion treatment); and 659.20±94.83 mgm^-2h^-1 for LC (grass treatment), respectively (FC, FJ, FL, GG, GC, GL, LC were the Chinese abbreviation for various treatments). Furthermore,Kobresia humilis meadow,Potentilla fruticosa scrub meadow andKobresia tibetica meadow differed greatly in average CO₂ emission rate of soil-plant system, in the order of GG>FC>LC>GC. Moreover, inKobresia humilis meadow, heterotrophic and autotrophic respiration accounted for 42% and 58% of the total respiration of soil-plant system respectively, whereas, inPotentilla fruticosa scrub meadow, heterotrophic and autotrophic respiration accounted for 32% and 68% of total system respiration from GG; 49% and 51% from GC. In addition, root respiration fromKobresia humilis meadow approximated 145 mgCO₂m^-2h^-1, contributed 34% to soil respiration. During the experiment period,Kobresia humilis meadow andPotentilla fruticosa scrub meadow had a net carbon fixation of 111.11 gm^-2 and 243.89 gm^-2, respectively. Results also showed that soil temperature was the main factor which influenced CO₂ emission from alpine meadow ecosystem, significant correlations were found between soil temperature at 5 cm depth and emission from GG, GC, FC and FJ treatments. In addition, soil moisture may be the inhibitory factor of CO₂ emission fromKobresia tibetica meadow, and more detailed analyses should be done in further research.     

Duration Magnitude Scale and Site Residuals for Northern Morocco

— The first empirical duration magnitude (M_D) formula is developed and tested for the Northern Morocco Seismic Network (NMSNET). This relationship is obtained by relating the IGN (Instituto Geografico National, Madrid) body-waves mbLg^IGN to the duration (), and the epicentral distance (), at 25 analogue stations of the NMSNET for 479 earthquakes with 2.5 mb 5.4, from March 1992 to February 2001. M_D estimates are significantly more precise while introducing a correction term for each of these stations, cSta_j. The magnitude for the i^th event (M_D)_i is the mean value of individual M_Dij=–0.14+1.63log₁₀(_ij)+0.031(_ij)+cSta_j. The cSta_j corrections reduce considerably the local site effects which influence the recorded durations and cause stations to either overestimate, or underestimate M_D up to 0.5 magnitude units. Average station M_D residuals (–cSta_j) are found to be independent of the distance from the epicenter to at least 10 degrees. It seems evident that regional geological features in the immediate behavior of stations have a systematic effect on the corresponding obtained residuals: older well-consolidated Precambrian crystalline rocks produce high negative residuals (shorter durations), younger unconsolidated sediments produce high positive residuals (longer durations), whereas, intermediate M_D site residuals appear to be the result of the effect of various factors, principally age and state of consolidation of the bedrock, combined with the local tectonic.     

滇西金满脉状铜矿床成矿年龄讨论

对滇西兰坪盆地内金满脉状铜矿床成矿主阶段的石英样品进行了40Ar 39Ar快中子活化测定,谱线特征为马鞍型,其坪年龄为(58 05±0 54)Ma,最小视年龄为(56 76±0 81)Ma,等时线年龄为(54 30±0 15)Ma,三者均十分接近,说明所测石英样品的年龄可靠。而石英的流体包裹体Rb Sr同位素分析数据因线性关系不太好,导致等时线年龄(68±76)Ma误差大,因而仅具参考意义。砂岩及矿化砂页岩中磷灰石的裂变径迹年龄为58 7～61 7Ma,反映了兰坪盆地内一期构造热演化事件的发生时间,其与40Ar 39Ar分析的年龄基本一致,说明金满脉状铜矿床的形成时代相当于喜马拉雅早期。结合滇西大区域内铜及其他矿种的成矿主要集中在喜马拉雅早期这一现象,认为滇西在此时期必定存在着诱发某种大规模成矿作用的关键因素,并在区域内统一制约着矿床的形成。     

Period variations of the Chandler wobble

Variations in the period of the Chandler wobble have been discussed since its discovery by Chandler in 1892. Various authors engaged in the investigation of polar motion time series suggest both a variable and an invariable period. It cannot be resolved by the analysis of time series whether the Chandler period is variable. By studying the influence of mass redistributions on the Chandler period it has been found that it is in fact variable, but the magnitude of such variation is much smaller than that found by polar motion time series analysis. For the currently available time series of polar motion, it is sufficient to assume an invariable Chandler period. AcknowledgmentsUseful discussions with Dr. F. Barthelmes and Dr. K. Fleming are gratefully appreciated.     

1303年山西洪洞8级大地震的时间有序性特征

1303年山西洪洞地震是我国历史记录中被确认的第一个8级大地震。引入有序系列和有序组合的含义,对1303年山西洪洞地震和1556年陕西华县地震分别形成的2个有序系列进行了研究,认为2个8级地震的发震时间有一个时间差(τ)。2个τ值之差用△τ来表示。若2个τ值相差不大,则4个地震(有时可以是3个地震)组成一个有序组合。2个有序系列可有7个有序组合。7个有序组合的τ值在100a～450a范围变化,但它们的△τ值仅在10d～2400d范围内变化,表示了2个有序序列之间的密切联系。震例表明,1303年洪洞大地震与其他8级地震之间的间隔的形成机制可能与沙罗周期有关。     

祁连山中东段地区三维速度结构研究

应用中——法数字化地震台网自1996年以来所记录到的微震S-P资料，对祁连山中东段地区三维速度结构与震源参数进行了联合反演，获得了该区的三维速度成像．速度结果反映出深部构造的一些重要信息，为进一步研究该区的活动构造及地震参数计算，提供了科学依据．      

Estimation of fundamental period for structures supported on pile foundations

One of the significant effects of considering soil-structure interaction in the analysis of structures is the increase in the fundamental natural period compared to the fundamental natural period of a similar structure, fixed at the base. Applied Technology Council (ATC) originally set forth some provisions to calculate the fundamental natural period of flexible based structures using the period of a similar structure, fixed at the base, and lateral and rocking stiffness coefficients of the foundation. These provisions became the basis of current soil-structure interaction recommendations in several building codes. The fundamental natural periods of structures founded on different types of foundations computed using recommendations of the ATC are compared with those computed using a simplified model to perform soil-structure interaction of shear-type structures. Results show that the provisions given in ATC may be used for structures supported on shallow footings but may not be applicable for structures supported on pile foundations or foundations having the ratio of lateral to rotational stiffness coefficients different from those of shallow foundations. An equation, similar to the equation recommended by ATC, is presented to estimate the fundamental natural period of structures supported on pile foundations. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

草盛期不同类型高寒草甸CO2释放速率的比较研究

Potentilla fruticosa scrub, Kobresia humilis meadow and Kobresia tibetica meadow are widely distributed on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. During the grass exuberance period from 3 July to 4 September, based on close chamber-GC method, a study on CO2 emissions from different treatments was conducted in these meadows at Haibei research station, CAS. Results indicated that mean CO2 emission rates from various treatments were 672.09±152.37 mgm^-2h^-1 for FC (grass treatment); 425.41±191.99 mgm^-2h^-1 for FJ (grass exclusion treatment); 280.36±174.83 mgm^-2h^-1 for FL (grass and roots exclusion treatment); 838.95±237.02 mgm^-2h^-1 for GG (scrub+grass treatment); 528.48±205.67 mgm^-2h^-1 for GC (grass treatment); 268.97±99.72 mgm^-2h^-1 for GL (grass and roots exclusion treatment); and 659.20±94.83 mgm^-2h^-1 for LC (grass treatment), respectively (FC, FJ, FL, GG, GC, GL, LC were the Chinese abbreviation for various treatments). Furthermore, Kobresia humilis meadow, Potentilla fruticosa scrub meadow and Kobresia tibetica meadow differed greatly in average CO2 emission rate of soil-plant system, in the order of GG>FC>LC>GC. Moreover, in Kobresia hurnilis meadow,heterotrophic and autotrophic respiration accounted for 42% and 58% of the total respiration of soil-plant system respectively, whereas, in Potentilla fruticosa scrub meadow, heterotrophic and autotrophic respiration accounted for 32% and 68% of total system respiration from GG; 49% and 51% from GC. In addition, root respiration from Kobresia humilis meadow approximated 145 mgCO2m^-2h^-1,contributed 34% to soil respiration. During the experiment period, Kobresia humilis meadow and Potentilla fruticosa scrub meadow had a net carbon fixation of 111.11 gm^-2 and 243.89 gm^-2 respectively. Results also showed that soil temperature was the main factor which influenced CO2 emission from alpine meadow ecosystem, significant correlations were found between soil temperature at 5 cm depth and CO2 emission from GG, GC, FC and FJ treatments. In addition, soil moisture maybe the inhibitory factor of CO2 emission from Kobresia tibetica meadow, and more detailed analyses should be done in further research     

3-D velocity structure in the central-eastern part of Qilianshan

Introduction The central-eastern part of Qilianshan, located along the northeastern margin of Qing-hai-Xizang (Tibetan) plateau, belongs to the Qilian tectonic zone with active neotectonic move-ment. The main active faults are Haiyuan-Qilian fault, Gulang-Tianjingshan fault and Huang-cheng-Taerzhuang fault. The research area in this paper is a rectangle (Figure 1), the location of the four apex are: A(37.50N, 101.60E), B(36.55N, 103.74E), C(37.20N, 104.20E) and D(38.15N, 102.04E). In…     

Joint multivariate statistical model and its applications to synthetic earthquake predic-tion

IntroductionSeismologistsinChinahaveestablishedmanyseismologicalmethodsandearthquakepredic-tionfactorsintheearthquakeforecastpracticesinthelastthirtyyears.Atpresent,morethanonehundredseismometricfactorsareusedinthemedium-termandmedium-short-termearthquakepredictions,suchastheb-valuetomirrorthestressstateandthedistributiondegreeofthemedium,themf-valuetoexpressiftheseismicactivityisincreasedornot(WANG,etal,1994),thequanti-tativeparameterA(b)todescribetheseismicactivitiesinadistrict(WU,CAO,19…