地图学面临的挑战与机遇

市场经济的信号，揭示地图生产亟须从概念设计乃至工艺程序进行根本性的技术改革，需要大力缩短地图更新周期，积极开拓应用领域，才能为区域社会经济持续发展和全球环境变化──当代两大地学研究主题，及时提供信息服务。需要充分利用和适应空间时代和信息时代的机遇，加强对地球信息机理的研究，开发依托全球定位系统、卫星遥感信息系统与地理信息系统的新一代地图产品。     

A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF THE YELLOW RIVER''S PALEOCHANNELS IN NORTH SHANDONG PLAIN

NorthShandOngPlain(NSP)ispartofalluvialplainthatlocatestonorthOftheYellowffiveradjoiningShandongPrOvince.ThedistributionofPaleochanne1sinNSPcontrolsthedeveloPinganddistributionregUlationsofmicrolandscapes,soilandshallowgrOundwaer.I.TheDistrihutiveTendencyofPale0channels1.Distribution0fgroundpale0channelsAneochannelsinNSPtooktheirsourcesmainlyfromn0ttheastHenanandsouthHebeiProvinces.PelethYellowmverg6nerallystretchedfromSWtoNEalongthebountwofShandOng.ThegroundPaeochannelsinNSPc…     

黑龙江省冷硅锶质矿泉水赋存规律和形成机制的探讨

近年来,黑龙江省境内发现了多处含硅质或硅锶质天然矿泉水,这种矿泉水属珍贵的矿泉水类型之一。本文就冷硅或硅锶质矿泉水的赋存规律和形成机制提出初浅认识。     

岩体结构面强度的 Mohr—Coulomb破坏判据与 Barton破坏判据的试验对比

岩体结构面强度是工程岩体稳定性设计中的重要参数,目前工程上常用的两个强度判据,即Mohr-Coulomb准则和Barton准则有各自适用条件。本文在对七组具不同岩性、不同粗糙度及起伏度红层样品进行试验的基础上,探讨了在试验过程中所揭示的强度周期性变化现象,同时基于两准则试验数据,分析了它们之间的区别,获得一些重要结论.即JRC、JCS越大,两准则差别越大;在低法向应力下两准则较接近,在高法向应力时,MC准则偏于危险。     

古大陆斜坡方向的确定方法

寒武—奥陶纪时,在中国南方曾经存在一个十分壮观的大陆斜坡,现今主要沿着无锡—皖南—赣西北—鄂东南—湘西—黔东—广西呈—带状分布。据研究,该大陆斜坡发育完好,无论其规模还是矿藏拥有量均为国内外所罕见。因此,进一步加强斜坡的基础地质研究,对于阐明其形成机理和演化发展就显得尤为重要。本文在这里仅讨论九种确定古大陆斜坡方向(倾向)的方法,旨在为恢复岩相古地理以及解释斜坡沉积物的成因提供理论依据和基础地质资料。     

MOMENT DEFICITS ON THE MAJOR FAULTS AND EARTHQUAKE HAZARD ASSESSMENT IN THE EASTERN HIMALAYAN SYNTAXIS

The Eastern Himalayan Syntaxis(EHS)is a critical region for studying the tectonic evolution of Tibetan plateau, which was affected by the intense seismic activities. We use the theory of moment balance, GPS velocities and historical earthquake records to analyze the moment deficits in the EHS, assess the future seismicity and further to predict the recurrence interval of the 1950 Chayu M_S8.6 earthquake. We first collected multiple sets of GPS velocity fields and combined them to reduce the systematic bias. Then a micro-blocks model, constrained by GPS velocities, was built by TDEFNODE software to simultaneously invert the fault elastic strain parameters and rigid motion parameters based on the grid research and simulated annealing methods. The long-term slip rates on the faults were further estimated by the differential motions between the neighboring blocks. The results show that the nearly NS dextral strike-slip faults, Naga Fault and Sagaing Fault, slip with the average rates of ~10.6 and ~16.6mm/a, which are consistent with the lateral extrusion in the Tibetan plateau. However, the Main Frontal Thrust shows a distinguished sinistral strike-slip feature(6~10mm/a), possibly caused by the NNE pushing from the Indian plate to the Eurasian plate. On the other hand, because the EHS is located in frontal area of the collision between Indian and Eurasian plate, most faults show thrusting feature. The most obvious one is the Mishimi Fault, slipping with the rate of 23.3mm/a, implying that the convergence rate of the Indo-European plates is largely absorbed by this fault. The moment accumulation rate in the EHS is higher than the average rate in the Tibetan plateau and the total moment accumulation is(1.15±0.03)×10²² N·m in the last 200a. About 59.7% and 21.6% of the moment accumulation rate concentrate on the Main Frontal Thrust and Mishimi Fault. Second, we selected the earthquake records occurring on the upper crust since 1800AD to analyze the moment release in the EHS based on the data from the International Seismological Centre, United States Geological Survey, and catalogue of historical strong earthquakes in China and some other previous studies. In addition, the Global Centroid Moment Tensor Project and linear regression method were adopted to estimate the relationship between body wave magnitude(m_b), surface wave magnitude(M_S), local magnitude(M_L)and the moment(M₀). Then we further estimated the total fault moment release in the EHS, (5.50±2.54)×10²¹N·m, which is significantly lower than the total moment accumulation. About 79.2% of the moment release occurs on the Mishimi Fault, this is because the 1950 M_S8.6 Chayu earthquake is assumed to have ruptured on this fault. Finally, the present-day moment deficits on the faults in the EHS were calculated by the differences between the moment accumulation and release, which represent the possibility to produce earthquakes on the upper crust faults in the future. The largest moment deficit was found on the Main Frontal Thrust near Bhutan, which is able to rupture with M_W8.1+. Similarly, earthquakes with M_W7.5+ and M_W7.3+ have the potentials to occur on the Naga Fault and the Jiali Fault near Tongmai. However, the future earthquake scales may be less than M_W7.1 on the remaining faults. Moderate minor earthquakes are the main activity in the area near the Yarlung Zangbo Suture zone and the southern Sagaing Fault. Although the Chayu M_S8.6 earthquake occurred near the Mishimi Fault and the eastern MFT, the earthquake risk on those two faults cannot be ignored. Meanwhile, no matter which fault produced the Chayu earthquake, its recurrence will likely be 660a to 1 030a.     

Censoring and edge effects in areal and line transect sampling of rock joint traces

This paper reviews techniques for correcting for bias incurred when incomplete observations form part of a data set. The similarities and differences between biases due to censoring and edge effects are emphasized, the latter being of importance when the distribution of joint traces is estimated from an exposure. A new technique for analyzing line transect data is presented, and a new analysis of published data on joint trace lengths given.     

青藏高原西北地区与南北地震带地震活动性研究

通过研究青藏高原地区地震的发震时间和空间分布规律，发现青藏高原西北地区70%的6级以上地震发生在青藏高原地震活动高潮时期，以青藏高原西北地区地震的发震时间为基准，以一年的时间窗口去检测南北地震带发生的地震，发现青藏高原西北地区与南北地震带中强震发震时间接近，具有很强的关联。青藏高原西北地区发生的地震与南北地震带南、北、中段的地震活动相关性各不相同，地震活动频次上呈现出与南北地震带北段相关性最弱，与南段相关性最强，但在震级上表现出与南北地震带北段和中段强震活动关系密切，与滇缅构造转换区的中震联系紧密，图像信息方法为两个地区地震活动相关性提供了证据。研究同时发现以海原地震为起始地震时南北地震带的强震具有由北向南往复迁移的特征，南北地震带中段和滇缅构造转换区的地震迁移次数更多，表明两个地区地震活动确实联系紧密。这项研究对于南北地震带的地震危险性评价和"源线模式"地震预测方法具有重要的意义。     

天津市北部尔王庄地区末次盛冰期下切河谷特征

渤海湾西岸尔王庄地区钻孔岩芯、微体古生物、孢粉及¹⁴C测年等资料及联合地质剖面研究结果表明，末次盛冰期全球海平面下降使该地区形成下切河谷，冰后期海平面迅速上升引发的海侵造成古河谷的充填，依次形成河床相、河漫滩―河口湾相和三角洲相，与相邻的滦河扇三角洲下切河谷有差异，该下切河谷受海河水系控制，流向大致与古潮白河一致。其演化过程受海平面变化、构造运动和古气候等因素影响，经历了末次盛冰期深切、15~7 ka BP海侵期间河床相及河漫滩―河口湾相的充填和之后海退形成的三角洲相埋藏等三个阶段。     

结构面粗糙度统计测量最小样本数确定方法

由于结构面粗糙度具有各质异性、各向异性、非均一性和尺寸效应等特征，结构面粗糙度系数（JRC）取值具有不确定性，工程中广泛采用统计方法来分析结构面粗糙度性质，然而以往研究往往忽略样本数不足对统计结果的影响。针对结构面粗糙度统计测量时无法确定合理样本数的问题，分别提出基于变异系数级比分析及简单随机抽样原理的最小样本数确定方法。以实际工程岩体结构面表面数据为研究对象，对比分析两种方法在系列尺寸下确定的统计测量最小样本数。实例分析表明：小尺寸样本的变异系数（CV）值明显大于大尺寸样本，且CV值随取样尺寸的增大而减小，取样尺寸为10～50 cm的CV值基本稳定在0.31～0.47之间，取样尺寸为60～100 cm的CV值基本稳定在0.21～0.31之间；最小样本数与取样尺寸基本满足幂函数关系，且最小样本数随取样尺寸的增大而减少；系列尺寸下级比分析方法在允许误差为±2%时确定的最小样本数与简单随机抽样原理在最大允许误差为10%、置信度为95%时计算的最小样本数是一致的，相似度大于0.997。该研究方法可为工程岩体中定量获取结构面粗糙度统计测量最小样本数提供依据，保证了JRC（结构面粗糙度系数）统计测量结果的准确性，对工程岩体稳定性评价中结构面力学参数的准确获取具有重要意义。